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Sulh ( ar, صلح, ṣulḥ) is an
Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C ...
word meaning "resolution" or "fixing" generally, in problem solving. It is frequently used in the context of social problems. It is also an Arabic surname, mostly from Lebanon used in the variant
Solh Solh (or variants as-Solh, al-Solh, el-Solh) ( ar, الصلح) is an Arabic surname, mostly from Lebanon. Notable people with the name Solh and its variants include: *Riad Al Solh (1894–1951), Lebanese politician, former Prime Minister, the fi ...
.


Usage

In
Quranic Arabic Classical Arabic ( ar, links=no, ٱلْعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ, al-ʿarabīyah al-fuṣḥā) or Quranic Arabic is the standardized literary form of Arabic used from the 7th century and throughout the Middle Ages, most notab ...
, ''ṣulḥ'' is used as a term signifying an agreement or settlement over a property dispute and retains this sense in later Islamic legal usage. In Bedouin customary law, it can signify a settlement of a tribal feud and in modern Arabic usage, it is applied to treaties, such as ''ṣulḥ Versailles'' (the
Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles (french: Traité de Versailles; german: Versailler Vertrag, ) was the most important of the peace treaties of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June ...
).Lewis, (1991), pg 78-80 In general, it reflects a sense of resolution of conflict through negotiation. The two parties select respected individuals to mediate the conflict, a truce (''
hudna A ''hudna'' (from the Arabic meaning "calm" or "quiet") is a truce or armistice. It is sometimes translated as "cease-fire". In his medieval dictionary of classical Arabic, the ''Lisan al-Arab'', Ibn Manzur defined it as: : "''hadana'': he gre ...
'') is declared, a settlement is reached that maintains the honor and status of both parties, and a public ritual takes place. Particularly important is the fact that the practice affirms bonds between groups and not just individuals. It averts a cycle of revenge. ''Ṣulḥ'', in its sense of conflict mediation, has always been an important means of resolving disputes. In the Middle Ages, qadis could ratify an amicable settlement reached by litigants. It is still common in rural areas where governmental systems of justice have little force.


In Muslim political thought

In the early days of the
Islamic Empire This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuin ...
, ''ṣulḥ'', in the sense of "treaty" or "armistice," typically meant that a region had "surrendered on terms" or similarly during the Ottoman retreat it preceded a region's independence. Typically, it signified an area that was ruled and administered by its local political structure but acknowledged itself as a subject through the payment of
tribute A tribute (; from Latin ''tributum'', "contribution") is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of submission, allegiance or respect. Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conqu ...
. In the Muslim world view on divisions of the world the region called the ''Dār al-‘Ahd'' (, "house of truce") or ''Dār aṣ-Ṣulḥ'' (, "house of treaty") or ''Dār al-Hudna'' (, "house of calm") was seen as an intermediate to ''Dār al-Islām'' (, "house/abode of Islam"), or ''Dār as-Salām'' (, "house/abode of Peace"), and ''Dār al-Ḥarb'' (, "house of war"). ''Dār aṣ-Ṣulḥ'', was then seen as non-Muslim territory that had concluded an armistice with Muslims, and had agreed to protect Muslims and their clients and interests within its borders. Often this implied a tributary situation, however modern writings also include friendly countries in ''Dār aṣ-Ṣulḥ''. By no means was this particular division, however, recognized by all Muslim jurists, and due to historical changes these concepts have little significance today.Esposito, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford University Press, 2003, , pg 62-6

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See also

*
Aman (Islam) ( ar, امان, , safety, protection, safe conduct) is the Islamic law concept of guaranteeing the security of a person (who is then called ) or a group of people for a limited time. It can represent the assurance of security or clemency granted ...
or ''amān'', assurance of security or clemency granted to enemies who seek protection *
List of Islamic terms in Arabic The following list consists of notable concepts that are derived from Islamic and associated cultural (Arab, Persian, Turkish) traditions, which are expressed as words in Arabic or Persian language. The main purpose of this list is to disambig ...
*
Tahdia Tahdiya is Arabic (تهدئة) for "calming" or "quieting". The term has been applied to a temporary lull between the Israeli forces and the Palestinian Hamas, beginning early in 2004 following the non successful discussions to sign a Hudna, or ...
, Arabic for "calming" or "quieting"; stands for calming down on hostilities but not a complete stop to them


Footnotes


References

* Lewis, Bernard, ''The Political Language of Islam'', University of Chicago Press, 1991, {{ISBN, 0-226-47693-6}
The Political Language of Islam
*Tillier, Mathieu (ed.).
Arbitrage et conciliation dans l’Islam médiéval et moderne
', in ''Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée'', 140 (2016). Islamic concepts of religious geography Islamic terminology