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Stereoscopic acuity, also stereoacuity, is the smallest detectable depth difference that can be seen in binocular vision.
Stereoacuity is most simply explained by considering one of its earliest test, a two-peg device, named Howard-Dolman test after its inventors: The observer is shown a black peg at a distance of 6m (=20 feet). A second peg, below it, can be moved back and forth until it is just detectably nearer than the fixed one. Stereoacuity is defined as the minimum angle detectable, calculated as the difference between the angles subtended by both positions, A and B. Stereoacuity is possible due to binocular disparity, i.e., the difference in their binocular parallax.
Taking into account that a small angle expressed in radians can be approximated by its tangent, the formula to calculate stereoacuity ''dγ'' is this:
:
where ''a'' is the interocular separation of the observer, ''z'' the distance of the fixed peg from the eye and ''dz'' the position difference. To transfer ''dγ'' into the usual unit of minutes of arc, a multiplicative constant ''c'' is inserted whose value is 3437.75 (1
Since the Howard-Dolman test described above is cumbersome, stereoacuity is usually measured using a stereogram in which separate panels are shown to each eye by superimposing them in a
. A good procedure is a chart, analogous to the familiar Snellen chart, Snellen visual acuity chart, in which one letter in each row differs in depth (front or behind) sequentially increasing in difficulty. For children the fly test is ideal: the image of a fly is transilluminated by polarized light; wearing polarizing glasses the wing appears at a different depth and allows stereopsis to be demonstrated by trying to pull on it.
Review of 3D displays and stereo vision
{{Stereoscopy, state=expanded Stereoscopy Ophthalmology Optometry 3D computer graphics Vision Eye
Specification and measurement
Stereoacuity is most simply explained by considering one of its earliest test, a two-peg device, named Howard-Dolman test after its inventors: The observer is shown a black peg at a distance of 6m (=20 feet). A second peg, below it, can be moved back and forth until it is just detectably nearer than the fixed one. Stereoacuity is defined as the minimum angle detectable, calculated as the difference between the angles subtended by both positions, A and B. Stereoacuity is possible due to binocular disparity, i.e., the difference in their binocular parallax.
Taking into account that a small angle expressed in radians can be approximated by its tangent, the formula to calculate stereoacuity ''dγ'' is this:
:
where ''a'' is the interocular separation of the observer, ''z'' the distance of the fixed peg from the eye and ''dz'' the position difference. To transfer ''dγ'' into the usual unit of minutes of arc, a multiplicative constant ''c'' is inserted whose value is 3437.75 (1 radian
The radian, denoted by the symbol rad, is the unit of angle in the International System of Units (SI) and is the standard unit of angular measure used in many areas of mathematics. The unit was formerly an SI supplementary unit (before tha ...
in arcminutes). In the calculation ''a'', ''dz'' and ''z'' must be in the same units, say, feet, inches, cm or meters. Note: some authors have added another approximation to this formula, considering ''dz'' neglectable compared with ''z'', i.e. dividing by instead of by ''(z-dz)''. This induces apreciable errors when calculating coarse stereoacuity at far distance.
For the average interocular distance of 6.5 cm, a target distance of 6m and a typical stereoacuity of 0.5 minute of arc, the just detectable depth interval is 8 cm. As targets come closer, this interval gets smaller by the inverse square of the distance, so that an equivalent detectable depth interval at ¼ meter is 0.01 cm or the depth of impression of the head on a coin. These very small values of normal stereoacuity, expressed in differences of either object distances, or angle of disparity, makes it a hyperacuity.
Tests
Since the Howard-Dolman test described above is cumbersome, stereoacuity is usually measured using a stereogram in which separate panels are shown to each eye by superimposing them in a stereoscope
A stereoscope is a device for viewing a stereoscopic pair of separate images, depicting left-eye and right-eye views of the same scene, as a single three-dimensional image.
A typical stereoscope provides each eye with a lens that makes the ima ...
using prisms or goggles with color or polarizing filters or alternating occlusion (for a review se. A good procedure is a chart, analogous to the familiar Snellen chart, Snellen visual acuity chart, in which one letter in each row differs in depth (front or behind) sequentially increasing in difficulty. For children the fly test is ideal: the image of a fly is transilluminated by polarized light; wearing polarizing glasses the wing appears at a different depth and allows stereopsis to be demonstrated by trying to pull on it.
Expected performance
There is no equivalent in stereoacuity of the normal 20/20 visual acuity standard. In every case, the numerical score, even if expressed in disparity angle, depends to some extent on the test being used. Superior observers under ideal conditions can achieve 0.1 arc min or even better. The distinction between screening for the presence of stereopsis and a measurement of stereoacuity is valuable. To ascertain that depth can be seen in a binocular views, a test must be easily administered and not subject to deception. The random-dot stereogram is used widely for this purpose and has the advantage that for the uninitiated the object shape is unknown. It is made of random small pattern elements; depth can be created only in multiples of elements and therefore may not reach the small threshold disparity which is the purpose of stereoacuity measurements. A population study revealed a surprisingly high incidence of good stereoacuity. Out of 188 biology students, 97.3% could perform at 2.3 minutes of arc or better.Factors influencing stereoacuity
Optimum stereoacuity requires that the following mitigating factors be avoided: * Low contrast * Short duration exposures (less than 500 milliseconds) * Fuzzy or closely spaced pattern elements.The Ferrier Lecture (1994) Seeing depth with two eyes: stereopsis. ''Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci'', 257, 205-14 * Uncorrected or unequally corrected refractive errors (monovision
Contact lenses, or simply contacts, are thin lenses placed directly on the surface of the eyes. Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by over 150 million people worldwide, and they can be worn to correct vision or for cosmetic ...
)
Perceptual training in stereopsis
More than other such visual capabilities, the limits of stereopsis depend on the observer's familiarity with the situation. Stereo thresholds almost always improve, often several-fold, with training and involve perceptual factors, differing in their particulars for each test. This is most vividly evident in the time it takes to "solve" a random-dot stereogram rapidly decreases between the first exposure and subsequent viewsHarwerth RS, Rawlings SC (1977) Viewing time and stereoscopic threshold with random-dot stereograms. ''Am J Optom Physiol Opt'', 54, 452-457.See also
* Computer vision *Visual acuity
Visual acuity (VA) commonly refers to the clarity of vision, but technically rates an examinee's ability to recognize small details with precision. Visual acuity is dependent on optical and neural factors, i.e. (1) the sharpness of the retinal ...
References
External links
Review of 3D displays and stereo vision
{{Stereoscopy, state=expanded Stereoscopy Ophthalmology Optometry 3D computer graphics Vision Eye