Stephen Girard

Stephen Girard (May 20, 1750 – December 26, 1831; born Étienne Girard) was a naturalized American citizen, philanthropist, and banker of French origin. He singularly saved the U.S. government from financial collapse during the War of 1812 by personally financing the war, and is known to have been the first multi-millionaire in US history. He is estimated to have been the fourth richest American of all time, based on the ratio of his fortune to contemporary GDP. Childless, he devoted much of his fortune to philanthropy, particularly the education and welfare of orphans. His legacy is still felt in his adopted home of Philadelphia and his estate continues to fund philanthropic endeavors to this day.Wildes, 1943.

Early life

Girard was born in Bordeaux, France on May 20, 1750, the son of a common sailor.Robert Chambers' Book of Days vol 2.

He lost the sight of his right eye at the age of eight and had little education. He travelled to New York as a cabin boy in 1760 and stayed there, working in the coastal trader system along the east coast and as far south as the Caribbean. He was licensed as a captain in 1773, visited New York in 1774, and thence with the assistance of a New York merchant began to trade to and from New Orleans and Port au Prince. In May 1776, Girard sailed into the port of Philadelphia to avoid a group of Royal Navy warships and settled there running a grocery and liquor shop.

By 1790, he had a fortune of $6000 plus a small fleet of trading vessels. In 1791, his merchantmen in the French colony of Saint-Domingue were involved in salvaging goods owned by French planters during the Haitian Revolution. He was left with $10,000 of goods stowed on his ships, the owners of which were likely massacred. Because the owners of the goods were not found, Girard added the goods to his possessions.

Girard participated in the Old China Trade, financing voyages to Canton. These voyages profited Girard through the sale of legitimate goods as well as opium, which was smuggled into China. Girard's business ventures in China ended in 1824 following an incident between one of his ships, the ''Terranova'', and Chinese authorities.

Marriage

In 1776, Girard met Mary Lum, a Philadelphia native nine years his junior. They married soon afterwards, and Girard purchased a home at 211 Mill Street in Mount Holly Township, New Jersey. She was the daughter of John Lum, a shipbuilder who died three months before the marriage. In 1778 Girard became a resident of Pennsylvania. By 1785 Mary had begun succumbing to sudden, erratic emotional outbursts. Mental instability and violent rages ensued, leading to a diagnosis of incurable mental instability. Though Girard was initially devastated, by 1787 he took a mistress, Sally Bickham. In August 1790 Girard committed his wife to the Pennsylvania Hospital (today part of the University of Pennsylvania) as an incurable lunatic, providing her every luxury for comfort. During this time she gave birth to a girl whose sire is not entirely certain. The child, baptized with the name Mary, died a few months later while under the care of Mrs. John Hatcher, who had been hired by Girard as a nurse. Girard spent the remainder of his life with mistresses.

Yellow fever

In 1793, there was an outbreak of yellow fever in Philadelphia. Although many other well-to-do citizens chose to leave the city, Girard stayed to care for the sick and dying. He supervised the conversion of a mansion outside the city limits into a hospital and recruited volunteers to nurse victims, and personally cared for patients. For his efforts, Girard was feted as a hero after the outbreak subsided. Again during the yellow fever epidemic of 1797-1798 he took the lead in relieving the poor and caring for the sick.

Girard's Bank

After the charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811, Girard purchased most of its stock and its facilities on South Third Street in Philadelphia, and reestablished it under his direct personal ownership. He hired George Simpson, the cashier of the First Bank, as cashier of the new bank, and with seven other employees, opened for business on May 18, 1812. He allowed the Trustees of the First Bank of the United States to use some offices and space in the vaults to continue the process of winding down the affairs of the closed bank at a very nominal rent. Although Pennsylvania law prohibited an association of individuals from banking without a charter, it made no such prohibition on a single individual doing so. Philadelphia banks balked at accepting the notes that Girard issued on his personal credit and lobbied the state to force him to incorporate, without success.

Girard's Bank was the principal source of government credit during the War of 1812, an outstanding $1 million.

Towards the end of the war, when the financial credit of the U.S. government was at its lowest, Girard placed nearly all of his resources at the disposal of the government and underwrote up to 95 percent of the war loan issue, which enabled the United States to carry on the war. After the war, he became a large stockholder in and one of the directors of the Second Bank of the United States. Girard's bank ceased operations upon his death.

Philadelphia businessmen, eager to cash in on Girard's reputation, opened a bank called the Girard Trust Company, and later Girard Bank. It merged with Mellon Bank in 1983, and was largely sold to Citizens Bank two decades later. Its monumental headquarters building still stands at Broad and Chestnut Streets in Philadelphia.

Death, will and legacy

On December 22, 1830, Stephen Girard was seriously injured while crossing the street near Second and Market Streets in Philadelphia. He was knocked down by a horse and wagon, and one of its wheels ran over the left side of his face, lacerating his cheek and ear, as well as damaging his good (left) eye. Despite his age (80), he got up unassisted and returned to his nearby home, where a doctor dressed his wound. He threw himself back into his banking business, although he remained out of sight for two months. Nevertheless, he never fully recovered and he died on December 26, 1831. He was buried in the vault he built for his nephew in the Holy Trinity Catholic cemetery, then at Sixth and Spruce Streets. Twenty years later, his remains were re-interred in the Founder's Hall vestibule at Girard College behind a statue by Nicholas Gevelot, a French sculptor living in Philadelphia.

At the time of his death, Girard was the wealthiest man in America. Michael Klepper and Robert Gunther, in their book ''The Wealthy 100'', posit that, with adjustment for inflation, Girard was the fifth-wealthiest American of all time as of 1996, behind John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt and John Jacob Astor. He was worth around $7.5 million at the time of his death, equal to $ today. That worth made him the richest man in America in 1831.

He was an atheist all the way up to his death, and he included his views on religion in his last testament.

Girard's will was contested by his family in France but was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in a landmark case, ''Vidal et al. vs Girard's Executors'', 43 U.S. 127 (1844).

He bequeathed nearly his entire fortune to charitable and municipal institutions of Philadelphia and New Orleans, including an estimated $6 million (at 1831 value) for establishing a boarding school for "poor, male, white orphans" in Philadelphia, primarily those who were the children of coal miners, which opened as the Girard College in 1848.

Girard also made a bequest of $10,000 to the public schools of Philadelphia, with the income from its investment to be used for the purchase of books for the school libraries, and a bequest for the establishment of funds to procure medals for deserving pupils.

Although no longer in common use, people used to use the phrase "Stephen Girard work" or "Stephen Girard job" to refer to useless work. Girard did not believe in idleness, and in a time when people were loathe to take handouts, he instead would pay for useless work. An example is paying workers to move bricks from one side of a yard to another (and then back again).

A number of places are named after Stephen Girard.
*Girard Avenue is a major east–west thoroughfare of North Philadelphia and West Philadelphia and the location of Girard College.
*The neighborhood now known as Girard Estate is part of what was a successful farm that he established in the late 1700s, and includes the Stephen Girard Park where his "country mansion" still stands.
* Girard Fountain Park is in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, in which a sculpture of Benjamin Franklin is displayed.
*The borough of Girardville, Schuylkill County, is located roughly 110 miles northwest of Philadelphia, bordered by many acres of land still connected to the Girard Estate.
*Stephen Girard Avenue is located in the Gentilly area of New Orleans.
*Girard, Pennsylvania is located in Erie County, Pennsylvania, roughly 450 miles northwest of Philadelphia; named for him in 1832.
*The community of Girard, Louisiana, is in Richland Parish, where Girard financed and oversaw the startup of a plantation managed by his friend and agent, Henry Bry, in 1821.
*A Liberty ship was built and christened USS Stephen Girard in 1942.

See also

* Stephen Simpson (writer), former employee at Girard's bank and author of book ''Biography of Stephen Girard, with His Will Affixed (1832)'', very critical of Girard.
* List of richest Americans in history
* List of wealthiest historical figures
* War of 1812

References

Further reading

* Adams, Donald. ''Finance and Enterprise in Early America: A Study of Stephen Girard’s Bank, 1812–1831 (''1978)
* McMaster, John Bach. ''The Life and Times of Stephen Girard, Mariner and Merchant'' (2 vol.) (1918
online
* Wildes, Harry E. ''Lonely Midas: The Story of Stephen Girard'' (1943)
* Wilson, George. Stephen Girard: The Life and Times of America's First Tycoon (1996)

External links

Founder's Hall - Stephen Girard
*
Country Farmhouse and Outbuildings of Mr. Stephen Girard, Philadelphia, May 1891 by D.J. Kennedy, Historical Society of Philadelphia

* The French assault on American Shipping 1793-181

*The Polly ship of GIRAR

*The Helvetius ship of GIRAR

*The Helvetius ship of GIRAR

*The Montesquieu of GIRAR

*The North America ship of GIRAR

*The North America ship of GIRAR

*The Rousseau ship of GIRAR

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girard, Stephen
American atheists
American bankers
American philanthropists
People from Mount Holly, New Jersey
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
French emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
1750 births
1831 deaths
People of colonial Pennsylvania
Colonial American merchants
People from Pennsylvania in the War of 1812
Burials in Pennsylvania
American slave owners
French slave owners