State of Scott

The State of Scott was a Southern Unionist movement in Scott County, Tennessee, in which the county declared itself a "Free and Independent State" following Tennessee's decision to secede from the United States and align the state with the Confederacy on the eve of the American Civil War in 1861. Like much of East Tennessee, Scott became an enclave communityAndrews, Evan,
6 Southern Unionist Strongholds During the Civil War
History.com, 13 January 2015. of the Union during the war. Although its edict had never been officially recognized, the county did not officially rescind its act of secession until 1986.

Background

At the time of the secession from the Union, Tennessee's Scott County listed only 61 slaves in residence. It was one of only two counties in the entire state with fewer than 100 slaves. Tennessee was the last state to secede from the Union, in part due to the huge divide in resources and political power between the state's three divisions. East Tennessee, of which Scott County was a part, was less dependent on slavery than Middle and West Tennessee. Therefore, there was little incentive for the residents of the eastern part of the state to go to war to preserve that socio-economic institution. The people of East Tennessee largely favored an intact Union and wanted minimal government interference in their lives.''Remembering Scott's Defiant Independence''
article; Independent Herald; on-line web-page; accessed July 18, 2020. They held a generally unfavorable view of the rest of the state whose wealthy business men and plantation owners wielded political and economic power over the entire state.

History

In a June 8, 1861 speech delivered on the steps of the Huntsville courthouse by Senator (and future president) Andrew Johnson—a Democrat and himself a slave holder—he stated, "...it is not the free men of the north that ecessionistsare fearing most, but the free men of the South..." Four days later, the people of Scott county voted overwhelmingly (541–19) against Tennessee's referendum on secession from the Union, and later that year the county court voted to approve the Scott County General Assembly's unanimous resolution approving of its own secession from Tennessee. The resolution allowed the immediate formation of the "Independent State of Scott," which established an enclave community whose sympathies remained strongly loyal to the Union throughout, and following, the war.

Governor's response

In response to the State of Scott proclamation of independence, Tennessee Governor Isham Harris quickly gathered 1700 soldiers to march to Huntsville and put down the "rebellion." Facing extreme resistance, however, the troops were forced to retreat before reaching the capital.

Violence

Because the area was of little strategic value, the mountainous and somewhat isolated State of Scott was not the site of any fighting on a major scale during the Civil War, with the exception of the minor Battle of Huntsville, fought on August 13, 1862.''Scott County, Tennessee; Battle of Huntsville''
Tennessee GenWeb on-line; document: Report of Col. William Clift, Seventh Tennessee Infantry, including operations of his command in East Tennessee, July 1-October 31; retrieved July 18, 2020 Facing a force of approximately 2,000 troops and suffering from high levels of desertion and battle attrition, Union commander Colonel William Clift was forced from the town and retreated into the back woods with about 20 remaining men. After the Battle of Huntsville, Clift's reconstituted but ragtag regiment fought more as a guerrilla unit for much of the rest of the year. The area continued to be torn for some time by guerrilla warfare, bushwhacking, and skirmishing, which often took on a brutally violent and vicious nature, often between neighbors. Male residents from the area did, however, become the main source of volunteers for the Union’s 7th Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Infantry.

Aftermath

Ulysses S. Grant received over 90% of the vote in Scott County during both the 1868 United States presidential election and the 1872 United States presidential election. The county has remained strongly Republican and pro-union ever since.

The proclamation of secession was finally repealed by Scott County in 1986. At the same time, the county petitioned the state of Tennessee for readmission, which was ceremonially granted, even though its secession had not been recognized by the state—nor the federal governments of either the Union or the Confederacy.History of Scott County, Tennessee
Retrieved at Web Archive 16 February 2013.

Roadside marker

Today, a roadside marker on SR 63, near the county seat, Huntsville, Tennessee, reads:

See also

* State of Franklin, a similar area in East Tennessee
* Republic of Winston, a similar area in Alabama
* Nickajack, a similar region in North Alabama and East Tennessee

References

Further reading

* Crofts, Daniel W; "Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis."
* Fischer, Noel C; "War at Every Door: Partisan Politics and Guerrilla Violence in East Tennessee, 1860–1869."
* Groce, W. Todd; "Mountain Rebels: East Tennessee Confederates and the Civil War, 1860–1870"
* Temple, Oliver Temple; "East Tennessee and the Civil War."
* Gason, J.H.; "Mist in the Mountains. A Chronicle of Scott County"

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