The ruins of Spiš Castle ( sk, Spišský hrad, ; hu, Szepesi vár; pl, Zamek Spiski; german: Zipser Burg) in eastern
Slovakia
Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the ...
form one of the largest
castle
A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word ''castle'', but usually consider it to be the private fortified r ...
sites in Central Europe. The castle is situated above the town of
Spišské Podhradie
Spišské Podhradie (german: Kirchdrauf, hu, Szepesváralja) is a town in Spiš in the Prešov Region of Slovakia. Its population is around 4,000.
Spišské Podhradie is situated at the foot of the hill of Spiš Castle. It had a Zipser German ...
and the village of
Žehra, in the region known as
Spiš
Spiš (Latin: ''Cips/Zepus/Scepus/Scepusia'', german: Zips, hu, Szepesség/Szepes, pl, Spisz) is a region in north-eastern Slovakia, with a very small area in south-eastern Poland (14 villages). Spiš is an informal designation of the territory ...
( hu, Szepes, german: link=no, Zips, pl, Spisz, la, Scepusium). It was included in the
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international coope ...
list of
World Heritage Sites
A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for ...
in 1993 (together with the adjacent locations of
Spišská Kapitula
Spišská Kapitula (german: Zipser Kapitel, hu, Szepeshely or Szepesi Káptalan) (both meaning the "Spiš Chapter house") is an exceptionally well-preserved ecclesiastical town on the outskirts of Spišské Podhradie, Slovakia, and overlooking ...
and
Žehra). This is one of the biggest European castles by area (41,426 m²). It is administered by the
Spiš Museum at
Levoča
Levoča (; hu, Lőcse; rue, Левоча)
is a town in the Prešov Region of eastern Slovakia with a population of 14,700. The town has a historic center with a well preserved town wall, a Gothic church with the highest wooden altar in the wo ...
, a division of the
Slovak National Museum
The Slovak National Museum ( sk, Slovenské národné múzeum) is the most important institution focusing on scientific research and cultural education in the field of museology in Slovakia. Its beginnings "are connected with the endeavour of the ...
.
History
Origins
Spiš Castle was built in the twelfth century on the site of an earlier castle. It was the political, administrative, economic and cultural center of
Szepes County
Szepes ( sk, Spiš; la, Scepusium, pl, Spisz, german: link=no, Zips) was an administrative county of the Kingdom of Hungary, called Scepusium before the late 19th century. Its territory today lies in northeastern Slovakia, with a very small are ...
of the
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the Coronation of the Hungarian monarch, c ...
. Before 1464, it was owned by the
kings of Hungary
The King of Hungary ( hu, magyar király) was the ruling head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 (or 1001) to 1918. The style of title "Apostolic King of Hungary" (''Apostoli Magyar Király'') was endorsed by Pope Clement XIII in 175 ...
, until the time of
King Matthias Corvinus
Matthias Corvinus, also called Matthias I ( hu, Hunyadi Mátyás, ro, Matia/Matei Corvin, hr, Matija/Matijaš Korvin, sk, Matej Korvín, cz, Matyáš Korvín; ), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1458 to 1490. After conducting several m ...
, then (until 1528) by the
Zápolya family, the
Thurzó family (1531–1635), the
Csáky family (1638–1945), and (since 1945) by the state of
Czechoslovakia
, rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי,
, common_name = Czechoslovakia
, life_span = 1918–19391945–1992
, p1 = Austria-Hungary
, image_p1 ...
and then
Slovakia
Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the ...
.
Originally a
Romanesque stone castle with fortifications, a two-story Romanesque palace and a three-nave Romanesque-
Gothic
Gothic or Gothics may refer to:
People and languages
*Goths or Gothic people, the ethnonym of a group of East Germanic tribes
**Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths
**Crimean Gothic, the Gothic language spoken b ...
basilica were constructed by the second half of the thirteenth century. A second extramural settlement was built in the fourteenth century, by which the castle area was doubled. The castle was completely rebuilt in the fifteenth century; the castle walls were heightened and a third extramural settlement was constructed. A late Gothic chapel was added around 1470. The
Zápolya clan performed late Gothic transformations, which made the upper castle into a comfortable family residence, typical of late Renaissance residences of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Decline and reconstruction
The last owners of the Spiš Castle, the Csáky family, abandoned the castle in the early eighteenth century because they considered it too uncomfortable to live in. They moved to the newly built nearby village castles/palaces in Hodkovce near
Žehra and
Spišský Hrhov
Spišský Hrhov (; hu, Görgő, ) is a municipality and village in the Spiš region of Slovakia, between Levoča and Spišské Podhradie in Levoča District. It has a population of 1800, of which 350 are Roma, well integrated in the local commun ...
.
In 1780, the castle was destroyed in a fire. The cause of the blaze is unknown, but there are a few theories. One is that the Csáky family purposefully burned it down to reduce taxes as at the time additional taxes applied to roofed buildings. Another is that it was struck by lightning, which started the fire. A third is that some soldiers in the castle were making moonshine and in the process accidentally started the fire. Whatever the case, after the fire, the castle was no longer occupied and began to fall into disrepair.
The castle was partly reconstructed in the second half of the twentieth century, and extensive archaeological research was carried out on the site. The reconstructed sections house displays of the
Spiš Museum, which is responsible for managing the castle,
and artefacts such as torture devices formerly used in the castle.
Image gallery
File:Spis Castle - Slovakia.jpg, Overall view of the castle
File:Spis Castle courtyard 01.JPG, Lower fortifications
File:Spis castle wall and tower.JPG, Wall and tower
File:Spisska nova ves...castle.jpg, View from east
File:Spis castle reconstruction.png, A reconstructed view of the castle at its zenith during the sixteenth century
References
External links
Tourist information about Spiš Castle and nearby DreveníkHistory and photos of Spiš Castle
{{DEFAULTSORT:Spis Castle
Castles in Slovakia
World Heritage Sites in Slovakia
History museums in Slovakia
Spiš
12th-century architecture in Slovakia
Romanesque architecture in Slovakia
Gothic architecture in Slovakia
Former enclaves
Former exclaves