Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert
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The Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert ( es, Misiones jesuíticas en el desierto de Sonora) are a series of
Jesuit , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders ...
Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
religious Religion is usually defined as a social system, social-cultural system of designated religious behaviour, behaviors and practices, morality, morals, beliefs, worldviews, religious text, texts, sacred site, sanctified places, prophecy, prophecie ...
outposts established by the
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
Jesuits The Society of Jesus ( la, Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuits (; la, Iesuitæ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...
and other orders for
religious conversion Religious conversion is the adoption of a set of beliefs identified with one particular religious denomination to the exclusion of others. Thus "religious conversion" would describe the abandoning of adherence to one denomination and affiliatin ...
s of the
Pima Pima or PIMA may refer to: People * Pima people, the Akimel O'odham, Indigenous peoples in Arizona (U.S.) and Sonora (Mexico) Places * Pima, Arizona, a town in Graham County * Pima County, Arizona * Pima Canyon, in the Santa Catalina Mountains ...
and Tohono O'odham
indigenous peoples Indigenous peoples are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original people ...
residing in the Sonoran Desert. An added goal was giving Spain a colonial presence in their frontier territory of the Sonora y Sinaloa Province in the
Viceroyalty of New Spain New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( es, Virreinato de Nueva España, ), or Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Amer ...
, and relocating by
Indian Reductions Reductions ( es, reducciones, also called ; , pl. ) were settlements created by Spanish rulers and Roman Catholic missionaries in Spanish America and the Spanish East Indies (the Philippines). In Portuguese-speaking Latin America, such red ...
(''Reducciones de Indios'') settlements and
encomienda The ''encomienda'' () was a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. The labourers, in theory, were provided with benefits by the conquerors for whom they laboured, including military ...
s for agricultural, ranching, and mining labor.


Geography and history

The missions are in an area of the
Sonoran Desert The Sonoran Desert ( es, Desierto de Sonora) is a desert in North America and ecoregion that covers the northwestern Mexican states of Sonora, Baja California, and Baja California Sur, as well as part of the southwestern United States (in Arizona ...
, then called "
Pimería Alta The ''Pimería Alta'' (translated to 'Upper Pima Land'/'Land of the Upper Pima' in English) was an area of the 18th century Sonora y Sinaloa Province in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, that encompassed parts of what are today southern Arizona in th ...
de Sonora y Sinaloa" (Upper Pima of Sonora and Sinaloa), now divided between the
Mexican state The states of Mexico are first-level administrative territorial entities of the country of Mexico, which is officially named Mexico, United Mexican States. There are 32 federal entities in Mexico (31 states and the capital, Mexico City, as a sepa ...
of
Sonora Sonora (), officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora ( en, Free and Sovereign State of Sonora), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Administrative divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is d ...
and the
U.S. state In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its sover ...
of
Arizona Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, AlÄ­ á¹£onak ) is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Fou ...
. Jesuits in missions in Northwestern Mexico wrote reports that throw light on the indigenous peoples they evangelized. A 1601 report, ''Relación de la Provincia de Nuestra Señora de Sinaloa'' was published in 1945. An important Jesuit report concerned the resistance in 1691 of the Tarahumara to evangelization, ''Historia de la tercera rebelión tarahumara''. Another important Jesuit account of evangelization in Sonora is ''Estado y descripción de Sonora, 1730'', which has considerable information about the size of the indigenous population, culture, and languages. In the Spring of 1687, Jesuit missionary named Father Eusebio Francisco Kino lived and worked with the Native Americans (including the
Sobaipuri The Sobaipuri were one of many indigenous groups occupying Sonora and what is now Arizona at the time Europeans first entered the American Southwest. They were a Piman or O'odham group who occupied southern Arizona and northern Sonora (the Pimerà ...
) in the area called the "
Pimería Alta The ''Pimería Alta'' (translated to 'Upper Pima Land'/'Land of the Upper Pima' in English) was an area of the 18th century Sonora y Sinaloa Province in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, that encompassed parts of what are today southern Arizona in th ...
," or "Upper Pima Country," which presently is located in northern
Sonora Sonora (), officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora ( en, Free and Sovereign State of Sonora), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Administrative divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is d ...
and southern
Arizona Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, AlÄ­ á¹£onak ) is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Fou ...
. During Father Eusebio Kino's stay in the Pimería Alta, he founded over twenty missions in eight mission districts.E.J. Burrus, 1971, ''Kino and Manje: Explorers of Sonora and Arizona.'' In Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10. Rome and St. Louis: Jesuit Historical Institute. On February 3, 1768,
King Carlos III it, Carlo Sebastiano di Borbone e Farnese , house = Bourbon-Anjou , father = Philip V of Spain , mother = Elisabeth Farnese , birth_date = 20 January 1716 , birth_place = Royal Alcazar of Madrid, Spain , death_d ...
ordered the
expulsion of the Jesuits The suppression of the Jesuits was the removal of all members of the Society of Jesus from most of the countries of Western Europe and their colonies beginning in 1759, and the abolishment of the order by the Holy See in 1773. The Jesuits were ...
from Spain and its overseas empire. Despite the order, many Jesuits remained in and around the present day
Tucson, Arizona , "(at the) base of the black ill , nicknames = "The Old Pueblo", "Optics Valley", "America's biggest small town" , image_map = , mapsize = 260px , map_caption = Interactive map ...
as late as the 1780s.


Missions


See also

On Spanish Missions in neighboring regions: *
Spanish missions in Arizona Beginning in the 16th century Spain established missions throughout New Spain (consisting of Mexico and portions of what today are the Southwestern United States) in order to facilitate colonization of these lands. History Early Franciscan mis ...
(including northern Arizona) *
Spanish missions in Baja California The Spanish missions in Baja California were a large number of religious outposts established by Catholic religious orders, the Jesuits, the Franciscans and the Dominicans, between 1683 and 1834 to spread the Christian doctrine among the Nativ ...
*
Spanish missions in California The Spanish missions in California ( es, Misiones españolas en California) comprise a series of 21 religious outposts or missions established between 1769 and 1833 in what is now the U.S. state of California. Founded by Catholic priests o ...
* Spanish missions in Chihuahua and Coahuila *
Spanish missions in New Mexico The Spanish Missions in New Mexico were a series of religious outposts in the Province of ''Santa Fe de Nuevo México'' — present day New Mexico. They were established by Franciscan friars under charter from the monarchs of the Spanish Empire ...
On general missionary history: *
Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery The Catholic Church during the Age of Discovery inaugurated a major effort to spread Christianity in the New World and to convert the indigenous peoples of the Americas and other indigenous peoples. The evangelical effort was a major part of, and ...
* List of the oldest churches in Mexico On colonial Spanish American history: *
Spanish colonization of the Americas Spain began colonizing the Americas under the Crown of Castile and was spearheaded by the Spanish . The Americas were invaded and incorporated into the Spanish Empire, with the exception of Brazil, British America, and some small regions ...
*
California mission clash of cultures The California mission clash of cultures occurred at the Spanish Missions in California during the Spanish Las Californias- New Spain and Mexican Alta California eras of control, with lasting consequences after American statehood. The Missions w ...


References


Further reading

*Burrus, E. J., 1965, ''Kino and the Cartography of Northwestern New Spain.'' Tucson, AZ: Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society. *Burrus, E. J., 1971, ''Kino and Manje: Explorers of Sonora and Arizona.'' In Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10. Rome and St. Louis: Jesuit Historical Institute. *Di Peso, Charles, 1953, ''The Sobaipuri Indians of the Upper San Pedro River
Valley A valley is an elongated low area often running between Hill, hills or Mountain, mountains, which will typically contain a river or stream running from one end to the other. Most valleys are formed by erosion of the land surface by rivers ...
, Southwestern Arizona.'' Dragoon, AZ: Amerind Foundation Publication No. 6. *Di Peso, Charles, 1956, ''The Upper Pima of San Cayetano del Tumacacori: An Archaeohistorical Reconstruction of the Ootam of Pimeria Alta.'' The Amerind Foundation, Inc. Dragoon, Arizona. *Karns, H. J., 1954, ''Luz de Tierra Incognita.'' Tucson, AZ: Arizona Silhouettes. *Kessell, John L., 1970, ''Mission of Sorrow: Jesuit Guevavi and the Pimas, 1691-1767.'' Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. *Masse, W. Bruce, 1981, ''A Reappraisal of the Protohistoric Sobaipuri Indians of Southeastern Arizona.'' In The Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest, A.D. 1450-1700. David R. Wilcox and W. Bruce Masse, editors. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 24, pp. 28–56. *McIntyre, Allan J., 2008
''The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta''
Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. *Officer, James E., Mardith Schuetz, and Bernard Fontana (editors), 1996, ''The Pimeria Alta: Missions & More.'' Tucson, AZ: The Southwestern Research Center. *Pickens, Buford L., 1993

Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. *Robinson, William J., 1976, ''Mission Guevavi: Excavations in the Convento.'' The Kiva 42(2):135-175. *Seymour, Deni J., 1989, ''The Dynamics of Sobaipuri Settlement in the Eastern Pimeria Alta.'' Journal of the Southwest 31(2):205-222. *Seymour, Deni J., 1990, ''Sobaipuri-Pima Settlement Along the Upper San Pedro River: A Thematic Survey Between Fairbank and Aravaipa Canyon.'' Report for the Bureau of Land Management. *Seymour, Deni J., 1993, ''Piman Settlement Survey in the Middle Santa Cruz River Valley, Santa Cruz County, Arizona.'' Report submitted to Arizona State Parks in fulfillment of survey and planning grant contract requirements. *Seymour, Deni J., 1993, ''In Search of the Sobaipuri Pima: Archaeology of the Plain and Subtle.'' Archaeology in Tucson. Newsletter of the Center for Desert Archaeology. 7(1):1-4. *Seymour, Deni J., 1997, ''Finding History in the Archaeological Record: The Upper Piman Settlement of Guevavi.'' Kiva 62(3):245-260. *Seymour, Deni J., 2003, ''Sobaipuri-Pima Occupation in the Upper San Pedro Valley: San Pablo de Quiburi.'' New Mexico Historical Review 78(2):147-166. *Seymour, Deni J., 2007, ''A Syndetic Approach to Identification of the Historic Mission Site of San Cayetano Del Tumacácori.'' International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 11(3):269-296. *Seymour, Deni J., 2007, ''Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaipuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part I.'' New Mexico Historical Review, 82(4). *Seymour, Deni J., 2008, ''Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaipuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part II.'' New Mexico Historical Review, 83(2). *Seymour, Deni J., 2008, ''Father Kino’s 'Neat Little House and Church' at Guevavi.'' Journal of the Southwest 50(4)(Winter).


External links



US National Park Service
Arizona Education, Kino Missions
''New York Times'' * ttp://parentseyes.arizona.edu/missions/bibl.html Bibliography, Kino Missions {{DEFAULTSORT:Spanish Missions In The Sonoran Desert History of indigenous peoples of North America Jesuit history in North America New Spain Sonoran Desert