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Soto (also known as sroto, tauto, saoto, or coto) is a traditional Indonesian soup mainly composed of broth, meat, and vegetables. Many traditional soups are called ''soto'', whereas foreign and Western influenced soups are called ''sop''. Soto is sometimes considered Indonesia's
national dish A national dish is a culinary dish that is strongly associated with a particular country. A dish can be considered a national dish for a variety of reasons: * It is a staple food, made from a selection of locally available foodstuffs that can be ...
, as it is served from
Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
to Papua, in a wide range of variations. Soto is omnipresent in Indonesia, available in many ''
warung A warung ( old spelling: waroeng or warong) is a type of small family-owned business — a small retail, eatery or café — in Indonesia (and to a lesser extent, Malaysia and Suriname). A ''warung'' is an essential part of daily life in ...
s'' and open-air eateries on many street corners, to fine dining restaurants and luxurious hotels. Soto, especially '' soto ayam'' (chicken soto), is an Indonesian equivalent of chicken soup. Because it is always served warm with a tender texture, it is considered an Indonesian
comfort food Comfort food is food that provides a nostalgic or sentimental value to someone, and may be characterized by its high caloric nature, high carbohydrate level, or simple preparation. The nostalgia may be specific to an individual, or it may a ...
. Because of the proximity and significant numbers of Indonesian migrants working and settling in neighbouring countries, soto can also be found in
Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bor ...
and
Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Mal ...
, and has become a part of their cuisine. Introduced to
Suriname Suriname (; srn, Sranankondre or ), officially the Republic of Suriname ( nl, Republiek Suriname , srn, Ripolik fu Sranan), is a country on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the nor ...
by Javanese migrants, it is part of the national cuisine of that country as well, where it is spelled saoto.


History

In the
Indonesian archipelago The islands of Indonesia, also known as the Indonesian Archipelago ( id, Kepulauan Indonesia) or Nusantara, may refer either to the islands comprising the country of Indonesia or to the geographical groups which include its islands. History ...
, soto is known by different names. In the local Javanese dialect, it is called ''soto'', and the dish also reached
Makassar Makassar (, mak, ᨆᨀᨔᨑ, Mangkasara’, ) is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi. It is the largest city in the region of Eastern Indonesia and the country's fifth-largest urban center after Jakarta, Surabaya, Meda ...
where it is called ''coto''. Soto is found to be most prevalent in
Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
, and suggested that the hearty soup was originated from that island, and over the years this dish branched off in an assorted array of soto varieties. Although soto was undoubtedly developed in the Indonesian archipelago and each region has developed its own distinctive soto recipes, some historians suggest that it was probably influenced by foreign culinary tradition, especially Chinese.
Denys Lombard Denys Lombard (1938 – January 8, 1998) was a leading Asian expert with contributions to Southeast Asian studies, Sinology, and the history of maritime Asia. He was famous for efforts to compare insular Southeast Asia and the Asian Seas to the Medi ...
in his book ''Le Carrefour Javanais'' suggested that the origin of soto was a Chinese soup, ''caudo'' (; literally "Tripe"), popular in
Semarang Semarang ( jv, ꦏꦸꦛꦯꦼꦩꦫꦁ , Pegon: سماراڠ) is the capital and largest city of Central Java province in Indonesia. It was a major port during the Dutch colonial era, and is still an important regional center and port today ...
among
Chinese immigrants Overseas Chinese () refers to people of Chinese birth or ethnicity who reside outside Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. As of 2011, there were over 40.3 million overseas Chinese. Terminology () or ''Hoan-kheh'' () in Hokkien, ...
during colonial VOC era, circa 17th century. Another scholar suggests that it was more likely a mixture of cooking traditions in the region, namely Chinese, Indian, and native Indonesian cuisine. There are traces of Chinese influence such as the use of '' bihun'' (rice vermicelli) and the preference for fried garlic as a condiment, while the use of
turmeric Turmeric () is a flowering plant, ''Curcuma longa'' (), of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, the rhizomes of which are used in cooking. The plant is a perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous plant native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast ...
suggests Indian influence. Another example is ''soto betawi'' from Jakarta uses ''minyak samin'' (
ghee Ghee is a type of clarified butter, originating from India. It is commonly used in India for cooking, as a traditional medicine, and for religious rituals. Description Ghee is typically prepared by simmering butter, which is churned from ...
), which indicates Arab or Muslim Indian influences. Another historian suggest that some soto recipe reflects the past condition of its people. ''Soto tangkar'', which today is a meat soup, was mostly made from the broth of goat rib-cage bones ( Betawi:''tangkar'') in the past because meat was expensive, or the common population of Batavia were too poor to afford some meat back then. Soto recipes has been highly localized according to local tradition and available ingredients, for example in
Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
-majority island of
Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and ...
, ''soto babi'' (pork soto) can be found, since Hindu Balinese prefer pork while beef is seldom consumed, they also do not shared Indonesian Muslim
halal ''Halal'' (; ar, حلال, ) is an Arabic word that translates to "permissible" in English. In the Quran, the word ''halal'' is contrasted with '' haram'' (forbidden). This binary opposition was elaborated into a more complex classification k ...
dietary law that forbid the consumption of pork. The meat soup dish influenced various regions and each developed its own recipes, with the ingredients being highly localized according to available ingredients and local cooking traditions. As a result, rich variants of soto were developed across Indonesia. In 2018, soto was officially recognised by the Indonesian government as one of the country's five national dishes: the others are nasi goreng,
sate Satay ( , in USA also , ), or sate in Indonesian spelling, is a Southeast Asian dish of seasoned, skewered and grilled meat, served with a sauce. The earliest preparations of satay is believed to have originated in Javanese cuisine, but ha ...
, rendang, and gado-gado. Also in 2018, soto is promoted in Asian Festival in
Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex Bung Karno Sports Arena ( id, Kompleks Gelanggang Olahraga Bung Karno, known as Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex), formerly named Senayan Sports Arena ( id, Gelanggang Olahraga Senayan) from 1969 to 2001 and Asian Games Complex ( id, Kompleks Asi ...
during
2018 Asian Games The 2018 Asian Games ( id, Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018 or ''Asian Games 2018''), officially known as the 18th Asian Games and also known as Jakarta-Palembang 2018 or Indonesia 2018, was a continental multi-sport event that was held from 18 Augus ...
in Jakarta as a dish that represent the diversity of Indonesia. With the theme "Unity in Diversoto" presented in the food court, visitors had the opportunity to samples various regional sotos of Indonesia, thus it has become visitors' favourite in Asian Festival during 2018 Asian Games.


Varieties

The spread of soto in Indonesian archipelago was followed by the localization of Soto's recipe, according to available ingredients and distinctive local taste. As the result, myriad soto recipes and variations can be found throughout Indonesia.


By regions

Some sotos are named based on the town or region where they are created: * ''Soto Ambon'' – made of chicken and broth, flavoured and coloured with turmeric, ginger, galangal, garlic, lemongrass, and loads of spices. Served with rice, the toppings are blanched bean sprouts, shredded chicken, vermicelli, chopped celery leaves, golden fried shallots, fried potato sticks, kecap manis (sweet soy sauce), hot sauce, and potato croquettes. * ''Soto
Bandung Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
'' – a clear beef soto that has pieces of meat, white radish, and fried soybeans. * ''Soto Banjar'' – spiced with star anise, clove, cassia and
lemongrass ''Cymbopogon'', also known as lemongrass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, Cochin grass, Malabar grass, oily heads, citronella grass or fever grass, is a genus of Asian, African, Australian, and tropical island plants in the grass family. Some ...
, and sour hot sambal, served with potato cakes. * ''Soto
Banjarnegara Banjarnegara is a town in Central Java, Indonesia and the seat of Banjarnegara Regency. It is 55 km from the Dieng Plateau region and a centre for ceramic arts. Climate Banjarnegara has a tropical rainforest climate A tropical rainforest cl ...
'' or ''soto Krandegan'' – a beef soto in a yellow coconut milk soup and eaten with ketupat. * ''Soto Banyumas'', ''sroto Banyumas'' or ''sroto Sokaraja'' – made special by its peanut sambal, usually eaten with ketupat. * ''Soto
Banyuwangi Banyuwangi, previously known as Banjoewangi, is the administrative capital of Banyuwangi Regency at the far eastern end of the island of Java, Indonesia. It had a population of 106,000 at the 2010 Census and 117,558 at the 2020 Census. The tow ...
'' or ''rujak soto'' – a beef soto with beef tripe, vegetables, peanut sauce, and beef broth. * ''Soto Betawi'' – made of beef or beef offal, cooked in a cow milk or coconut milk broth, with fried potato and tomato. * ''Soto Blora'', or ''soto klethuk'' – there are shredded chicken, bean sprouts, vermicelli, eggs, fried onions, and the most important thing is ''klethuk'' (cassava cut into small squares, then fried until really crisp and golden brown in color) * ''Soto Kebumen'' also known as soto Tamanwinangun – a duck soto in peanut-based broth. * ''Soto Kediri'' – a chicken soto in coconut milk. * ''Soto Kudus'' – made with water buffalo meat due to local
taboo A taboo or tabu is a social group's ban, prohibition, or avoidance of something (usually an utterance or behavior) based on the group's sense that it is excessively repulsive, sacred, or allowed only for certain persons.''Encyclopædia Britannica ...
s of the consumption of beef. * ''Soto Lamongan'' – a popular
street food Street food is ready-to-eat food or drinks sold by a hawker, or vendor, in a street or at other public places, such as markets or fairs. It is often sold from a portable food booth, food cart, or food truck and is meant for immediate consumpt ...
in various Indonesian metropolitan areas, a variation of the Madura soto. * ''Soto Madura'' or ''soto Sulung/soto Ambengan'' – made with either chicken, beef or offal, in a yellowish transparent broth. * ''Soto
Makassar Makassar (, mak, ᨆᨀᨔᨑ, Mangkasara’, ) is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi. It is the largest city in the region of Eastern Indonesia and the country's fifth-largest urban center after Jakarta, Surabaya, Meda ...
'' or '' coto Makassar'' – a beef and offal soto boiled in water used to wash rice, with fried
peanut The peanut (''Arachis hypogaea''), also known as the groundnut, goober (US), pindar (US) or monkey nut (UK), is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, important to both small an ...
. * ''Soto
Medan Medan (; English: ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra, as well as a regional hub and financial centre of Sumatra. According to the National Development Planning Agency, Medan is one of the four mai ...
'' – a chicken/pork/beef/prawn/innards soto with added coconut milk and served with potato croquette ( perkedel). The meat pieces are fried before being served or mixed. The spice is similar to soto Betawi with addition of cardamom. * ''Soto
Pacitan Pacitan Regency ( id, Kabupaten Pacitan) is a regency located in the southwestern corner of East Java Province, with Central Java Province on its western border. Located between 7.55° - 8.17°S and 110.55° - 111.25°E. The borders of Pacitan Re ...
'' – chicken soto in light spicy soup, served with beansprouts, rice vermicelli, cabbages, celery, fried shallot, and fried peanuts. * ''
Soto Padang Soto padang is a kind of clear, non coconut milked soto, which usually contains beef, onion, potatoes, and white vermicelli noodles as its main ingredients. This soto is a culinary specialty originating from West Sumatra, Indonesia. The meat ...
'' – a beef broth soto with slices of fried beef, bihun (rice vermicelli), and perkedel kentang (fried mashed potato). * ''Soto Pekalongan'' or ''tauto Pekalongan'' – spiced with ''
tauco Tauco, Taucu, Taotjo or Tauchu () is a paste made from preserved fermented yellow soybeans in Chinese Indonesian and Malaysian cuisines. Tauco is made by boiling yellow soybeans, grinding them, mixing them with flour and fermenting them in orde ...
'' (a fermented
miso is a traditional Japanese seasoning. It is a thick paste produced by fermenting soybeans with salt and ''kōji'' (the fungus '' Aspergillus oryzae'') and sometimes rice, barley, seaweed, or other ingredients. It is used for sauces and ...
-like bean paste). * ''Soto
Semarang Semarang ( jv, ꦏꦸꦛꦯꦼꦩꦫꦁ , Pegon: سماراڠ) is the capital and largest city of Central Java province in Indonesia. It was a major port during the Dutch colonial era, and is still an important regional center and port today ...
'' – a chicken soto spiced with candlenut, mixed with rice, perkedel, tempe, and often eaten with ''sate kerang'' (cockles on a stick) or tripes and quail eggs. One of the pioneers of Soto Semarang is ''Soto Bangkong'', named after Bangkong crossroad in Semarang. * ''Soto
Solo Solo or SOLO may refer to: Arts and entertainment Comics * ''Solo'' (DC Comics), a DC comics series * Solo, a 1996 mini-series from Dark Horse Comics Characters * Han Solo, a ''Star Wars'' character * Jacen Solo, a Jedi in the non-canonical ''S ...
''also known as ''soto kwali'' – in Javanese and Indonesian language ''kwali'' or ''kuali'' means "cauldron". This beef brisket soto in clear beef broth soup served with beansprouts, celery and '' bawang goreng''. * ''Soto Sumedang'' or ''soto bongko'' – a soto consists of ''bongko'' (rice cake), tofu, chayote, and bean sprouts in a coconut milk soup. * ''Soto Tegal'' or ''Sauto Tegal'', almost same with Pekalongan soto spiced with ''
tauco Tauco, Taucu, Taotjo or Tauchu () is a paste made from preserved fermented yellow soybeans in Chinese Indonesian and Malaysian cuisines. Tauco is made by boiling yellow soybeans, grinding them, mixing them with flour and fermenting them in orde ...
'' (a fermented
miso is a traditional Japanese seasoning. It is a thick paste produced by fermenting soybeans with salt and ''kōji'' (the fungus '' Aspergillus oryzae'') and sometimes rice, barley, seaweed, or other ingredients. It is used for sauces and ...
-like bean paste). Sauto can be chicken soto, beef soto, or even beef offal. * ''Soto
Ungaran Ungaran ( Dutch: ''Oengaran'') is a town in Central Java, Indonesia and the administrative centre of the Semarang Regency in the province of Central Java. Ungaran is located at -7° 8' 17", 110° 24' 18" at an elevation of 319 metres. It encomp ...
'' or ''soto gudangan Ungaran'', a beef soto rice with veggies and grated coconut.


By primary ingredient

Other sotos are named based upon their chief ingredient: * '' Soto ayam'' – chicken in a yellow spicy broth with '' lontong'', ''nasi empit'', '' ketupat'' (rice compressed by cooking wrapped tightly in a leaf, then sliced into small cakes), or
vermicelli Vermicelli (; , , also , ) is a traditional type of pasta round in section similar to spaghetti. In English-speaking regions it is usually thinner than spaghetti, while in Italy it is typically thicker. The term ''vermicelli'' is also used ...
, commonly found in
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...
,
Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bor ...
, and
Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Mal ...
. Some versions are prepared with
cellophane noodle Cellophane noodles, or fensi (), sometimes called glass noodles, are a type of transparent noodle made from starch (such as mung bean starch, potato starch, sweet potato starch, tapioca, or canna starch) and water. A stabilizer such as chitosan ...
s., boiled eggs, lime juice and beansprouts * ''Soto babat'' – a cow's or goat's
tripe Tripe is a type of edible lining from the stomachs of various farm animals. Most tripe is from cattle, pigs and sheep. Types of tripe Beef tripe Beef tripe is made from the muscle wall (the interior mucosal lining is removed) of a cow's ...
, served in yellow spicy coconut milk soup with
vermicelli Vermicelli (; , , also , ) is a traditional type of pasta round in section similar to spaghetti. In English-speaking regions it is usually thinner than spaghetti, while in Italy it is typically thicker. The term ''vermicelli'' is also used ...
, potato, and vegetables, usually eaten with rice. It is commonly found throughout
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...
. * ''Soto babi'' – a
pork Pork is the culinary name for the meat of the domestic pig (''Sus domesticus''). It is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 5000 BCE. Pork is eaten both freshly cooked and preserved ...
soto from
Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
majority
Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and ...
island. * ''Soto bebek'' – a
duck Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form ...
soto, specialty of
Klaten Klaten Regency ( jv, ꦏ꧀ꦭꦛꦺꦤ꧀, Klathèn) is a regency in Central Java province in Indonesia. It covers an area of 655.56 km2 and had a population of 1,130,047 at the 2010 Census and 1,260,506 at the 2020 Census. Its capital is ...
, Central Java. * ''Soto ceker'' – a chicken foot soto, served in rather clear yellowish spicy broth soup, which uses spices including shallot, garlic, lemongrass, and
turmeric Turmeric () is a flowering plant, ''Curcuma longa'' (), of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, the rhizomes of which are used in cooking. The plant is a perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous plant native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast ...
that add the yellowish colour, served with of cabbage, celery, rice noodles, and garnished to taste with '' sambal'', lime and soy. ''Soto ceker'' is one of the popular
street food Street food is ready-to-eat food or drinks sold by a hawker, or vendor, in a street or at other public places, such as markets or fairs. It is often sold from a portable food booth, food cart, or food truck and is meant for immediate consumpt ...
in Jakarta, Bali, and most of major cities in Java. In street side ''
warung A warung ( old spelling: waroeng or warong) is a type of small family-owned business — a small retail, eatery or café — in Indonesia (and to a lesser extent, Malaysia and Suriname). A ''warung'' is an essential part of daily life in ...
'' or humble restaurants, ''soto ceker'' is usually offered as a variation of ''soto ayam''. * ''Soto kaki'' (lit. "foot soto") – made of beef
cow's trotters Cow's trotters are the feet of cattle. The cuts are used in various dishes around the world, especially in Asian, African, French, and the Caribbean cuisine. Latin American cuisine also uses cow's trotters for several traditional dishes. Oth ...
;
tendon A tendon or sinew is a tough, high-tensile-strength band of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. It is able to transmit the mechanical forces of muscle contraction to the skeletal system without sacrificing its ability ...
and
cartilage Cartilage is a resilient and smooth type of connective tissue. In tetrapods, it covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints as articular cartilage, and is a structural component of many body parts including the rib cage, the neck ...
taken from cow's feet, served in yellow spicy coconut milk soup with
vermicelli Vermicelli (; , , also , ) is a traditional type of pasta round in section similar to spaghetti. In English-speaking regions it is usually thinner than spaghetti, while in Italy it is typically thicker. The term ''vermicelli'' is also used ...
, potato, vegetables, and krupuk, commonly eaten with rice. It is a Betawi food and can be found in
Jakarta Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital city, capital and list of Indonesian cities by population, largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coa ...
,
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...
. * ''Soto kerbau'' – made of
water buffalo The water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis''), also called the domestic water buffalo or Asian water buffalo, is a large bovid originating in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Today, it is also found in Europe, Australia, North America, So ...
meat instead of beef, specialty of Kudus regency, Central Java. * ''Soto lenthok'' – a specialty of
Yogyakarta Yogyakarta (; jv, ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ; pey, Jogjakarta) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, ...
which is chicken soto served with ''lenthok'' or fried mashed cassava akin to potato '' perkedel''. * '' Soto mi'' (spelled ''mee soto'' in Singapore and Malaysia) – a yellow spicy beef or chicken broth soup with noodles, commonly found in
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...
,
Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bor ...
, and
Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Mal ...
.
Bogor Bogor ( su, , nl, Buitenzorg) is a city in the West Java province, Indonesia. Located around south of the national capital of Jakarta, Bogor is the 6th largest city in the Jakarta metropolitan area and the 14th overall nationwide.Betawi:''tangkar'') and beef brisket cooked in coconut milk soup spiced with turmeric, garlic, shallot, chili, pepper, candlenut, cumin, galangal, coriander, cinnamon, Indonesian bay leaf (daun salam), and kaffir lime leaf.


Accompaniments

The following accompaniments are often eaten alongside soto: * Stewed quail eggs or chicken eggs * Cockles on a stick (''sate kerang'') * Skewered grilled tripes (''sate babat'') * Skewered grilled chicken giblets, such as intestine, gizzard, and liver satay (''sate ati ampela dan usus'') * Fried chicken giblets *
Prawn crackers Prawn crackers ( id, krupuk udang) are a deep fried snack made from starch and prawn. They are a common snack food in Southeast Asian cuisine, but they are most closely associated with Indonesia.They have also been adapted into East Asian cuisi ...
, sometimes crushed and mixed with crushed fried garlic as ''koya'' in Madura or Lamongan soto *
Gnetum ''Gnetum'' is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae within the Gnetophyta. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been ...
seed crackers (''
emping Emping (also known as arifin) are a type of Indonesian chips, a bite-size snack kripik cracker, made of ''melinjo'' or ''belinjo'' (''Gnetum gnemon'') nuts (which are seeds). Emping crackers have a slightly bitter taste. Emping snacks are av ...
'') * Fried tofu or
tempeh Tempeh or tempe (; jv, ꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦥꦺ, témpé, ) is a traditional Indonesian food made from fermented soybeans. It is made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds soybeans into a cake form. A fungus, '' Rhizo ...
* Mashed potato patties ('' perkedel'') *
Mung Bean Sprouts Mung bean sprouts are a culinary vegetable grown by sprouting mung beans. They can be grown by placing and watering the sprouted beans in the shade until the hypocotyls grow long. Mung bean sprouts are extensively cultivated and consumed in Eas ...
(''tauge''/''kecambah'') * Hot chili sauce ('' sambal'') * Sweet
soy sauce Soy sauce (also called simply soy in American English and soya sauce in British English) is a liquid condiment of Chinese origin, traditionally made from a fermented paste of soybeans, roasted grain, brine, and ''Aspergillus oryzae'' or '' As ...
* Fried shallot (''bawang goreng'') * Spicy fried grated coconut (''
serundeng Serundeng refers to a side dish or condiment to accompany rice in Indonesian and Malay languages. Serundeng may taste sweet, or hot and spicy according to recipe variants. Its best known variant is an Indonesian preparation of sautéed grated ...
'') * Crackers ('' krupuk'') * Lime juice, sometimes replaced with
vinegar Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid and trace compounds that may include flavorings. Vinegar typically contains 5–8% acetic acid by volume. Usually, the acetic acid is produced by a double fermentation, converting simple sugars to eth ...
* Potato chips (Keripik kentang) * Cabbage


Ingredients

The meats that are most commonly used are
chicken The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster or cock is a term for an adu ...
and
beef Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle (''Bos taurus''). In prehistoric times, humankind hunted aurochs and later domesticated them. Since that time, numerous breeds of cattle have been bred specifically for the quality or quantit ...
, but there are also variations with
offal Offal (), also called variety meats, pluck or organ meats, is the organs of a butchered animal. The word does not refer to a particular list of edible organs, which varies by culture and region, but usually excludes muscle. Offal may also refe ...
,
mutton Lamb, hogget, and mutton, generically sheep meat, are the meat of domestic sheep, ''Ovis aries''. A sheep in its first year is a lamb and its meat is also lamb. The meat from sheep in their second year is hogget. Older sheep meat is mutton. Gen ...
, and
water buffalo The water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis''), also called the domestic water buffalo or Asian water buffalo, is a large bovid originating in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Today, it is also found in Europe, Australia, North America, So ...
meat.
Pork Pork is the culinary name for the meat of the domestic pig (''Sus domesticus''). It is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 5000 BCE. Pork is eaten both freshly cooked and preserved ...
is seldom used in traditional Indonesian ''soto;'' however, in
Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
majority
Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and ...
, ''soto babi'' (pork soto) can be found. The soup is usually accompanied by
rice Rice is the seed of the grass species '' Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice) or less commonly ''Oryza glaberrima'' (African rice). The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera '' Zizania'' and '' Porteresia'', both wild and domesticat ...
or compressed rice cakes ('' lontong'', '' ketupat'' or '' burasa''). Offal is considered as a delicacy: the
rumen The rumen, also known as a paunch, is the largest stomach compartment in ruminants and the larger part of the reticulorumen, which is the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. The rumen's microbial favoring environment al ...
(blanket/flat/smooth tripe), reticulum (honeycomb and pocket tripe), omasum (book/bible/leaf tripe), and the intestines are all eaten. Other ingredients of ''soto'' include ''soun'' alternatively spelled as ''sohun'' or ''bihun'' (
rice vermicelli Rice vermicelli is a thin form of noodle. It is sometimes referred to as 'rice noodles' or 'rice sticks', but should not be confused with cellophane noodles, a different Asian type of vermicelli made from mung bean starch or rice starch rath ...
), mung bean sprouts and
scallion Scallions (also known as spring onions or green onions) are vegetables derived from various species in the genus '' Allium''. Scallions generally have a milder taste than most onions and their close relatives include garlic, shallot, leek, c ...
. Common ''soto'' spices include
shallot The shallot is a botanical variety (a cultivar) of the onion. Until 2010, the (French red) shallot was classified as a separate species, ''Allium ascalonicum''. The taxon was synonymized with '' Allium cepa'' (the common onion) in 2010, as the ...
s,
garlic Garlic (''Allium sativum'') is a species of bulbous flowering plant in the genus '' Allium''. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, Welsh onion and Chinese onion. It is native to South Asia, Central Asia and northeas ...
,
turmeric Turmeric () is a flowering plant, ''Curcuma longa'' (), of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, the rhizomes of which are used in cooking. The plant is a perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous plant native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast ...
,
galangal Galangal () is a common name for several tropical rhizomatous spices. Differentiation The word ''galangal'', or its variant ''galanga'' or archaically ''galingale'', can refer in common usage to the aromatic rhizome of any of four plant spec ...
,
ginger Ginger (''Zingiber officinale'') is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice and a folk medicine. It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual pseudostems (false stems made of the rolled bases of ...
,
coriander Coriander (;
,
salt Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in the form of a natural crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quant ...
, candlenut, and pepper. The colour, thickness and consistency of ''soto'' soup could vary according to each recipes. ''Soto'' can have a light and clear broth just like ''soto bandung'', a yellow transparent broth (coloured with turmeric) like the one that can be found in ''soto ayam'', or a rich and thick
coconut milk Coconut milk is an opaque, milky-white liquid extracted from the grated pulp of mature coconuts. The opacity and rich taste of coconut milk are due to its high oil content, most of which is saturated fat. Coconut milk is a traditional food ...
or milk broth just like those in ''soto kaki'' or ''soto betawi''. ''Soto'' in Malaysia and Singapore has a certain expected clear-soup look made of chicken broth, with spicy taste mixed with rice cubes. It seems that soto served there derived from common ''soto ayam'' type with a clear and slightly yellow-coloured broth, pretty much similar to East Javanese ''soto lamongan'' or ''soto madura''. Like many dishes, it may have been brought into the country by the many Javanese migrants in the early 20th century.


Gallery

File:Soto Ayam home-made.JPG, ''Soto ayam'', chicken ''soto'' in soup with turmeric and spices File:Sate ayam Soto Ambengan set menu.JPG, ''Soto ambengan'' File:Soto Babat 1.jpg, ''Soto babat'',
tripe Tripe is a type of edible lining from the stomachs of various farm animals. Most tripe is from cattle, pigs and sheep. Types of tripe Beef tripe Beef tripe is made from the muscle wall (the interior mucosal lining is removed) of a cow's ...
soto File:Soto Babi Bali 1.JPG, ''Soto babi'', pork ''soto'', a specialty of Balinese cuisine File:Soto Ceker 1.jpg, ''Soto ceker'', chicken feet ''soto'' File:Soto Bandung.jpg, ''Soto
Bandung Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
'', beef in clear broth with white radish and fried soy nuts File:Soto Kaki Mencos Betawi.JPG, ''Soto kaki'' mencos (cow's foot tendons soto), a Betawi specialty File:Soto Kudus.jpg, ''Soto Kudus'', a type of chicken ''soto'' File:Soto Madura Daging.JPG, ''Soto Madura'' with egg File:Soto sapi Pak Marto Yogyakarta.JPG, ''Soto Sapi'', beef ''soto'' from
Yogyakarta Yogyakarta (; jv, ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ; pey, Jogjakarta) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, ...
File:Sauto di Tegal.jpg, ''Sauto Tegal'', chicken ''soto'' File:Soto Pekalongan.jpg, ''Tauto Pekalongan'' File:Purwokerto-style soto, Purwokerto 2015-03-22.jpg, ''Soto
Purwokerto Purwokerto is a large but non-autonomous town on the island of Java, Indonesia. It is the capital of Banyumas Regency, Central Java province. The population of the four districts which comprise the town at the 2010 census was 233,951 and 229 ...
'' File:Sroto Sokaraja.JPG, ''Sroto Sokaraja'', Banyumas File:Soto Kediri.JPG, ''Soto Kediri'' File:Soto Padang 2.JPG, ''Soto Padang'', beef soto File:Soto Medan.jpg, ''Soto
Medan Medan (; English: ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra, as well as a regional hub and financial centre of Sumatra. According to the National Development Planning Agency, Medan is one of the four mai ...
'' File:Soto Banjar.JPG, ''Soto Banjar'' File:Coto Makassar-dish.JPG, '' Coto Makassar'', beef soto File:Soto kaki kambing.JPG, ''Soto kambing'', goat ''soto'' File:Soto Mie Bogor 2.JPG,
Soto mie ''Soto mie'', ''Soto mi'', or ''Mee soto'' is a spicy Indonesian noodle soup dish commonly found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. ''Mie'' means noodle made of flour, salt and egg, while '' soto'' refers to Indonesian soup. In Indonesia, i ...
Bogor Bogor ( su, , nl, Buitenzorg) is a city in the West Java province, Indonesia. Located around south of the national capital of Jakarta, Bogor is the 6th largest city in the Jakarta metropolitan area and the 14th overall nationwide.Soto ayam'' *'' Sop saudara'', spicy Bugis-Makassar beef soup. *'' Konro'', Bugis-Makassar spicy cow's ribs soup, similar or related to ribs ''soto'' *'' Tongseng'', Javanese spicy mutton soup also related to ''soto'' *'' Gulai'', the Javanese ''gulai'' is soupy, similar to mutton or goat ''soto'' but slightly different in spices * List of Indonesian soups *
List of soups This is a list of notable soups. Soups have been made since Ancient history, ancient times. Some soups are served with large chunks of meat or vegetables left in the liquid, while others are served as a broth. A broth is a flavored liquid usua ...


References

{{Singaporean cuisine, state=collapsed Indonesian cuisine Betawi cuisine Javanese cuisine Madurese cuisine Makassar cuisine Malay cuisine Padang cuisine Indonesian soups National dishes Street food in Indonesia