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''Solidago virgaurea'', the European goldenrod or woundwort, is an herbaceous
/ref> It is grown as a garden flower with many different cultivars. It flowers profusely in late summer. ''Solidago virgaurea'' is a perennial herb up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall, with a branching underground caudex and a woody rhizome. It produces arrays of numerous small yellow flower heads at the top of the stem. ;Subspecies and varietiesThe Plant List, ''Solidago virgaurea'' L.
/ref> *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''alpestris'' (Waldst. & Kit.) Gremli *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''armena'' (Grossh.) Greuter *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''asiatica'' Kitam. ex Hara *''Solidago virgaurea'' var. ''calcicola'' Fernald *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''caucasica'' (Kem.-Nath.) Greuter *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''dahurica'' (Kitag.) Kitag. *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''gigantea'' (Nakai) Kitam. *''Solidago virgaurea'' var. ''insularis'' (Kitam.) Hara *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''jailarum'' (Juz.) Tzvelev *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''lapponica'' (With.) Tzvelev *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''macrorrhiza'' (Lange) Nyman *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''minuta'' (L.) Arcang. *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''stenophylla'' (G.E.Schultz) Tzvelev *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''talyschensis'' (Tzvelev) Sennikov *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''taurica'' (Juz.) Tzvelev *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''turfosa'' (Woronow ex Grossh.) Greuter *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''virgaurea'' *''Solidago virgaurea'' var. ''virgaurea''
Doc. Ref. EMEA/HMPC/285759/2007
/ref>
''Solidago virgaurea'', the European goldenrod or woundwort, is an herbaceous perennial plant
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...
of the family Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...
. It is widespread across most of Europe as well as North Africa and northern, central, and southwestern Asia (China, Russia, India, Turkey, Kazakhstan, etc.).Flora of China, ''Solidago dahurica'' (Kitagawa) Kitagawa ex Juzepczuk, 1959. 兴安一枝黄花 xing an yi zhi huang hua/ref> It is grown as a garden flower with many different cultivars. It flowers profusely in late summer. ''Solidago virgaurea'' is a perennial herb up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall, with a branching underground caudex and a woody rhizome. It produces arrays of numerous small yellow flower heads at the top of the stem. ;Subspecies and varietiesThe Plant List, ''Solidago virgaurea'' L.
/ref> *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''alpestris'' (Waldst. & Kit.) Gremli *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''armena'' (Grossh.) Greuter *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''asiatica'' Kitam. ex Hara *''Solidago virgaurea'' var. ''calcicola'' Fernald *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''caucasica'' (Kem.-Nath.) Greuter *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''dahurica'' (Kitag.) Kitag. *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''gigantea'' (Nakai) Kitam. *''Solidago virgaurea'' var. ''insularis'' (Kitam.) Hara *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''jailarum'' (Juz.) Tzvelev *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''lapponica'' (With.) Tzvelev *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''macrorrhiza'' (Lange) Nyman *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''minuta'' (L.) Arcang. *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''stenophylla'' (G.E.Schultz) Tzvelev *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''talyschensis'' (Tzvelev) Sennikov *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''taurica'' (Juz.) Tzvelev *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''turfosa'' (Woronow ex Grossh.) Greuter *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''virgaurea'' *''Solidago virgaurea'' var. ''virgaurea''
Medicinal uses
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries ''Solidago virgaurea'' was used in Europe to heal wounds. Itsastringent
An astringent (sometimes called adstringent) is a chemical that shrinks or constricts body tissues. The word derives from the Latin ''adstringere'', which means "to bind fast". Calamine lotion, witch hazel, and yerba mansa, a Californian pla ...
, diuretic
A diuretic () is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. A diuretic tablet is sometimes colloquially called a water tablet. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics i ...
, antiseptic
An antiseptic (from Greek ἀντί ''anti'', "against" and σηπτικός ''sēptikos'', "putrefactive") is an antimicrobial substance or compound that is applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putre ...
and other properties are well known. In various assessments by the European Medicines Agency with respect to ''Solidago virgaurea'', non-clinical data shows diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic and spasmolytic, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory activity. However, as no single ingredient is responsible for these effects, the whole herbal preparation of ''Solidago'' inflorescences must be considered as the active ingredient. Further, the relevance of those effects found ''in vitro'' could not be confirmed by clinical studies.European Medicines Agency, ASSESSMENT REPORT ON SOLIDAGO VIRGAUREA L., HERBA, European Medicines Agency Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use London, 4 September 200Doc. Ref. EMEA/HMPC/285759/2007
/ref>
References
External links
* {{Taxonbar, from=Q599435 Flora of North Africa Flora of Asia Flora of Europe Plants described in 1753 virgaurea Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus