Sokushinbutsu

are a kind of Buddhist mummy. In Japan the term refers to the practice of Buddhist monks observing asceticism to the point of death and entering mummification while alive. Mummified monks are seen in a number of Buddhist countries. Only in Japan are they believed to have induced their own death by starvation. Especially in South-Asian countries the monks die through natural causes after which their bodies are mummified.

There is a common suggestion that Shingon school founder Kukai brought this practice from Tang China as part of secret tantric practices he learned. During the 20th century, Japanese scholars found very little evidence of self-starvation of Sokushinbutsu. They rather concluded that mummification took place after the demise of the monk practising this kind of asceticism.

Origin

There is at least one "self-mummified" 550-year-old corpse in existence: that of a Buddhist monk named Sangha Tenzin in a northern Himalayan region of India, visible in a temple in Gue village, Spiti, Himachal Pradesh.A 500 year old Mummy with teeth
BBC News This mummy was rediscovered in 1975 when the old stupa preserving it collapsed and it is estimated to be from about the 14th century. The monk was likely a Tibetan dzogpa-chenpo practitioner and similar mummies have been found in Tibet and East Asia. The preservation of the mummy for at least five centuries was possible due to the aridity of the area and cold weather.

According to Paul Williams, the ''Sokushinbutsu'' ascetic practices of Shugendō were likely inspired by Kūkai—the founder of Shingon Buddhism, who ended his life by reducing and then stopping intake of food and water, while continuing to meditate and chant Buddhist mantras. Ascetic self-mummification practices are also recorded in China, but are associated with the ''Ch'an'' (Zen Buddhism) tradition there. Alternate ascetic practices similar to ''Sokushinbutsu'' are also known, such as public self-immolation practice in China, such as that of Fayu Temple in 396 CE and many more in the centuries that followed. This was considered as evidence of a renunciant bodhisattva.

Japan

A mountain-dwelling religion called Shugendō emerged in Japan as a syncretism between Vajrayana Buddhism, Shinto and Taoism in the 7th century, which stressed ascetic practices.Ken Jeremiah (2010), ''Living Buddhas: The Self-mummified Monks of Yamagata, Japan''. McFarland, pp. 10–11 One of these practices was ''Sokushinbutsu'' (or ''Sokushin jobutsu''), connoting mountain austerities in order to attain Buddha-nature in one's body. This practice was perfected over a period of time, particularly in the Three Mountains of Dewa region of Japan, that is the Haguro, Gassan and Yudono mountains. These mountains remain sacred in the Shugendō tradition to this day, and ascetic austerities continue to be performed in the valleys and mountain range in this area.

In medieval Japan, this tradition developed a process for ''Sokushinbutsu'', which a monk completed over about 3,000 days. It involved a strict diet called '' mokujiki'' (literally, "eating a tree"). The diet abstained from any cereals, and relied on pine needles, resins and seeds found in the mountains, which would eliminate all fat in the body. Increasing rates of fasting and meditation would lead to starvation. The monks would slowly reduce then stop liquid intake, thus dehydrating the body and shrinking all organs. The monks would die in a state of ''jhana'' (meditation) while chanting the '' nenbutsu'' (a mantra about Buddha), and their body would become naturally preserved as a mummy with skin and teeth intact without decay and without the need of any artificial preservatives.Ken Jeremiah (2010), ''Living Buddhas: The Self-mummified Monks of Yamagata, Japan'', McFarland, pp. 11–14 Many Buddhist ''Sokushinbutsu'' mummies have been found in northern Japan and estimated to be centuries old, while texts suggest that hundreds of these cases are buried in the stupas and mountains of Japan. These mummies have been revered and venerated by the laypeople of Buddhism.

One of the altars in the Honmyō-ji temple of Yamagata prefecture continues to preserve one of the oldest mummies—that of the ''sokushinbutsu'' ascetic named Honmyōkai. This process of self-mummification was mainly practiced in Yamagata in Northern Japan between the 11th and 19th century, by members of the Japanese Vajrayana school of Buddhism called Shingon ("True Word"). The practitioners of ''sokushinbutsu'' did not view this practice as an act of suicide, but rather as a form of further enlightenment.

Emperor Meiji banned this practice in 1879, and assisted suicide—including religious suicide—is now illegal.

In popular culture

The practice was satirized in the story "The Destiny That Spanned Two Lifetimes" by Ueda Akinari, in which such a monk was found centuries later and resuscitated. The story appears in the collection ''Harusame Monogatari''.

The practice is also extensively referenced in Japanese author Haruki Murakami's 2017 novel ''Killing Commendatore''.

In Rumiko Takahashi's series ''InuYasha'', a priest named Hakushin was a "living mummy" who sacrificed himself via sokushinbutsu to save the people he served.

In the video game '' The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild'', the monks in the Ancient Shrines seem to be based on sokushinbutsu.

In the video game '' Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice'', enemy monks are based on the concept of sokushinbutsu.

In the video game series '' Shin Megami Tensei'', the recurring enemy Daisoujou is based on sokushinbutsu.

See also

* Immured anchorite
* Incorruptibility
* Prayopavesa: A parallel practice in Hinduism
* Rainbow body
* Sallekhana: A parallel practice in Jainism
* Embalming
* Plastination
*

References

Further reading

*
* Hijikata, M. (1996). Nihon no Miira Butsu wo Tazunete. isiting Japanese Buddhist Mummies Tokyo: Shinbunsha.
* Jeremiah, K. (2009). Corpses: Tales from the crypt. Kansai Time Out, 387, 8–10.
*
* Matsumoto, A. (2002). Nihon no Miira Butsu. apanese Buddhist Mummies Tokyo: Rokkō Shuppan.
* Raveri, M. (1992). Il corpo e il paradiso: Le tentazioni estreme dell’ascesi. he Body and Paradise: Extreme Practices of Ascetics Venice, Italy: Saggi Marsilio Editori.

The Japanese Art of Self-Preservation
Erika Nesvold 30 November 2015

External links

– photos and descriptions of travelling to see Sokushinbutsu

Pictures of self-mummified monks

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Mummies
Shingon Buddhism
Vajrayana
Suicide types
Suicides by starvation
Suicides in Japan
Death in Japan
Religion and suicide
Shugendō
Buddhist relics
Buddhist asceticism
Buddhism and death