''Siphoviridae'' is a family of double-stranded DNA

viruses A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's ...

in the order ''

Caudovirales ''Caudovirales'' is an order of viruses known as the tailed bacteriophages (''cauda'' is Latin for "tail"). Under the Baltimore classification scheme, the ''Caudovirales'' are group I viruses as they have double stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes, ...

''. Bacteria and archaea serve as natural hosts. There are 1,166 species in this family, assigned to 366 genera and 22 subfamilies. The characteristic structural features of this family are a nonenveloped head and noncontractile tail.

Structure

Viruses in ''Siphoviridae'' are non-

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d, with icosahedral and head-tail geometries (

morphotype In biology, polymorphism is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative ''phenotypes'', in the population of a species. To be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the s ...

B1) or a

prolate A spheroid, also known as an ellipsoid of revolution or rotational ellipsoid, is a quadric surface obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes; in other words, an ellipsoid with two equal semi-diameters. A spheroid has cir ...

capsid (morphotype B2), and T=7 symmetry. The diameter is around 60 nm. Members of this family are also characterized by their filamentous, cross-banded, noncontractile tails, usually with short terminal and subterminal fibers. Genomes are double stranded and linear, around 50 kb in length, containing about 70

gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ...

s. The

guanine Guanine () ( symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine ( uracil in RNA). In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. The guanine nucleoside is ca ...

cytosine Cytosine () (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleobases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an a ...

content is usually around 52%.

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption into the host cell. Replication follows the replicative transposition model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by -1 ribosomal frameshifting, and +1 ribosomal frameshifting. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and holin/endolysin/spanin proteins. Bacteria and archaea serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are passive diffusion.

Taxonomy

The following subfamilies are recognized: * '' Arquatrovirinae'' ** '' Arquatrovirus'' ** '' Camvirus'' ** '' Likavirus'' * '' Azeredovirinae'' ** '' Dubowvirus'' ** '' Phietavirus'' * '' Bclasvirinae'' ** '' Acadianvirus'' ** '' Coopervirus'' ** '' Pregunavirus'' ** '' Pipefishvirus'' ** '' Rosebushvirus'' * '' Bronfenbrennervirinae'' ** '' Biseptimavirus'' ** '' Peevelvirus'' * '' Chebruvirinae'' ** '' Brujitavirus'' * '' Dclasvirinae'' ** '' Hawkeyvirus'' ** '' Plotvirus'' * '' Deejayvirinae'' ** '' Kenoshvirus'' ** '' Secretariavirus'' ** '' Tanisvirus * '' Dolichocephalovirinae'' ** '' Berteleyvirus'' ** '' Colossusvirus'' ** '' Poidextervirus'' ** '' Spirovirus'' * '' Gochnauervirinae'' ** '' Dragolirvirus'' ** '' Harrisonvirus'' ** '' Vegavirus'' ** '' Wandersvirus'' * '' Guernseyvirinae'' ** '' Cornelivirus'' ** '' Jerseyvirus'' ** '' Kagunavirus'' * '' Gutmannvirinae'' ** '' Carmenvirus'' ** '' Pobcunavirus'' * '' Hendrixvirinae'' ** '' Brynievirus'' ** '' Cauhtlivirus'' ** '' Kwaitsingvirus'' ** '' Nochtlivirus'' ** '' Sainkungvirus'' ** '' Shamshuipovirus'' ** '' Wainchavirus'' ** '' Wongtaivirus'' ** '' Yautsimvirus'' * '' Langleyhallvirinae'' ** '' Getalongvirus'' ** '' Horusvirus'' ** '' Phystavirus'' * '' Mccleskeyvirinae'' ** '' Limdunavirus'' ** '' Unaquatrovirus'' * '' Mclasvirinae'' ** '' Bongovirus'' ** '' Reyvirus'' * '' Nclasvirinae'' ** '' Bettesrvirus'' ** '' Charlievirus'' ** '' Redivirus'' * '' Nymbaxtervirinae'' ** '' Baxtervirus'' ** '' Nymphaduravirus'' * '' Pclasvirinae'' ** '' Bignuzvirus'' ** '' Fisburnevirus'' ** '' Phayoncevirus'' * '' Queuovirinae'' ** '' Amoyvirus'' ** '' Nipunavirus'' ** '' Nonagvirus'' ** '' Seuratvirus'' * '' Skryabinvirinae'' ** '' Bambunaquatrovirus'' ** '' Puchinovirus'' * '' Trabyvirinae'' ** '' Jelitavirus'' ** '' Slepowrronvirus * '' Tybeckvirinae'' ** '' Douglasvirus'' ** '' Lenusvirus'' ** '' Lideunavirus'' ** '' Maenadvirus'' The following genera are unassigned to a subfamily: * '' Abbeymikolonvirus'' * '' Abidjanvirus'' * '' Agmunavirus'' * '' Aguilavirus'' * '' Ahduovirus'' * '' Alachuavirus'' * '' Alegriavirus'' * '' Amigovirus'' * '' Anatolevirus'' * '' Andrewvirus'' * '' Andromedavirus'' * '' Annadreamyvirus'' * '' Appavirus'' * '' Apricotvirus'' * '' Arawnvirus'' * '' Armstrongvirus'' * '' Ashduovirus'' * '' Attisvirus'' * '' Attoomivirus'' * '' Audreyjarvisvirus'' * '' Austintatiousvirus'' * '' Avanivirus'' * '' Bantamvirus'' * '' Barnyardvirus'' * '' Beceayunavirus'' * '' Beetrevirus'' * '' Behunavirus'' * '' Bernalvirus'' * '' Betterkatzvirus'' * '' Bievrevirus'' * '' Bingvirus'' * '' Bowservirus'' * '' Bridgettevirus'' * '' Britbratvirus'' * '' Bronvirus'' * '' Brussowvirus'' * '' Camtrevirus'' * '' Casadabanvirus'' * '' Cbastvirus'' * '' Cecivirus'' * '' Ceduovirus'' * '' Ceetrepovirus'' * '' Cequinquevirus'' * '' Chenonavirus'' * '' Cheoctovirus'' * '' Chertseyvirus'' * '' Chivirus'' * '' Chunghsingvirus'' * '' Cimpunavirus'' * '' Cinunavirus'' * '' Coetzeevirus'' * '' Colunavirus'' * '' Coralvirus'' * '' Corndogvirus'' * '' Cornievirus'' * '' Coventryvirus'' * '' Cronusvirus'' * '' Cukevirus'' * '' Daredevilvirus'' * '' Decurrovirus'' * '' Delepquintavirus'' * '' Demosthenesvirus'' * '' Detrevirus'' * '' Deurplevirus'' * '' Dhillonvirus'' * '' Dinavirus'' * '' Dismasvirus'' * '' Doucettevirus'' * '' Edenvirus'' * '' Efquatrovirus'' * '' Eiauvirus'' * '' Eisenstarkvirus'' * '' Elerivirus'' * '' Emalynvirus'' * '' Eyrevirus'' * '' Fairfaxidumvirus'' * '' Farahnazvirus'' * '' Fattrevirus'' * '' Feofaniavirus'' * '' Fernvirus'' * '' Fibralongavirus'' * '' Fowlmouthvirus'' * '' Franklinbayvirus'' * '' Fremauxvirus'' * '' Fromanvirus'' * '' Gaiavirus'' * '' Galaxyvirus'' * '' Galunavirus'' * '' Gamtrevirus'' * '' Gesputvirus'' * '' Getseptimavirus'' * '' Ghobesvirus'' * '' Gilesvirus'' * '' Gillianvirus'' * '' Gilsonvirus'' * '' Glaedevirus'' * '' Godonkavirus'' * '' Goodmanvirus'' * '' Gordonvirus'' * '' Gordtnkvirus'' * '' Gorganvirus'' * '' Gorjumvirus'' * '' Gustavvirus'' * '' Halcyonevirus'' * '' Hattifnattvirus'' * '' Hedwigvirus'' * '' Helsingorvirus'' * '' Hiyaavirus'' * '' Hnatkovirus'' * '' Holosalinivirus'' * '' Homburgvirus'' * '' Hubeivirus'' * '' Iaduovirus'' * '' Ikedavirus'' * '' Ilzatvirus'' * '' Incheonvirus'' * '' Indlulamithivirus'' * '' Inhavirus'' * '' Jacevirus'' * '' Jarrellvirus'' * '' Jenstvirus'' * '' Jouyvirus'' * '' Juiceboxvirus'' * '' Junavirus'' * '' Kairosalinivirus'' * '' Kamchatkavirus'' * '' Karimacvirus'' * '' Kelleziovirus'' * '' Kilunavirus'' * '' Klementvirus'' * '' Knuthellervirus'' * '' Kojivirus'' * '' Konstantinevirus'' * '' Korravirus'' * '' Kostyavirus'' * '' Krampusvirus'' * '' Kryptosalinivirus'' * '' Kuleanavirus'' * '' Labanvirus'' * '' Lacnuvirus'' * '' Lacusarxvirus'' * '' Lafunavirus'' * '' Lambdavirus'' * '' Lambovirus'' * '' Lanavirus'' * '' Larmunavirus'' * '' Laroyevirus'' * '' Latrobevirus'' * '' Leicestervirus'' * '' Lentavirus'' * '' Liebevirus'' * '' Liefievirus'' * '' Lillamyvirus'' * '' Lokivirus'' * '' Lomovskayavirus'' * '' Luckybarnesvirus'' * '' Luckytenvirus'' * '' Lughvirus'' * '' Lwoffvirus'' * '' Magadivirus'' * '' Majavirus'' * '' Manhattanvirus'' * '' Mapvirus'' * '' Mardecavirus'' * '' Marienburgvirus'' * '' Marvinvirus'' * '' Maxrubnervirus'' * '' Mementomorivirus'' * '' Metamorphoovirus'' * '' Minunavirus'' * '' Moineauvirus'' * '' Montyvirus'' * '' Mudcatvirus'' * '' Mufasoctovirus'' * '' Muminvirus'' * '' Murrayvirus'' * '' Nanhaivirus'' * '' Nazgulvirus'' * '' Neferthenavirus'' * '' Nesevirus'' * '' Nevevirus'' * '' Nickievirus'' * '' Nonanavirus'' * '' Nyceiraevirus'' * '' Oengusvirus'' * '' Omegavirus'' * '' Oneupvirus'' * '' Orchidvirus'' * '' Oshimavirus'' * '' Pahexavirus'' * '' Pamexvirus'' * '' Pankowvirus'' * '' Papyrusvirus'' * '' Patiencevirus'' * '' Pepyhexavirus'' * '' Phifelvirus'' * '' Picardvirus'' * '' Pikminvirus'' * '' Pleeduovirus'' * '' Pleetrevirus'' * '' Poushouvirus'' * '' Predatorvirus'' * '' Priunavirus'' * '' Psavirus'' * '' Psimunavirus'' * '' Pulverervirus'' * '' Questintvirus'' * '' Quhwahvirus'' * '' Radostvirus'' * '' Raleighvirus'' * '' Ravarandavirus'' * '' Ravinvirus'' * '' Rerduovirus'' * '' Rigallicvirus'' * '' Rimavirus'' * '' Rockefellervirus'' * '' Rockvillevirus'' * '' Rogerhendrixvirus'' * '' Ronaldovirus'' * '' Roufvirus'' * '' Rowavirus'' * '' Ruthyvirus'' * '' Samistivirus'' * '' Samunavirus'' * '' Samwavirus'' * '' Sandinevirus'' * '' Sanovirus'' * '' Sansavirus'' * '' Saphexavirus'' * '' Sashavirus'' * '' Sasvirus'' * '' Saundersvirus'' * '' Sawaravirus'' * '' Scapunavirus'' * '' Schnabeltiervirus'' * '' Schubertvirus'' * '' Seongbukvirus'' * '' Septimatrevirus'' * '' Seussvirus'' * '' Sextaecvirus'' * '' Skunavirus'' * '' Slashvirus'' * '' Sleepyheadvirus'' * '' Smoothievirus'' * '' Sonalivirus'' * '' Soupsvirus'' * '' Sourvirus'' * '' Sozzivirus'' * '' Sparkyvirus'' * '' Spbetavirus'' * '' Spizizenvirus'' * '' Squashvirus'' * '' Squirtyvirus'' * '' Stanholtvirus'' * '' Steinhofvirus'' * '' Sukhumvitvirus'' * '' Tandoganvirus'' * '' Tankvirus'' * '' Tantvirus'' * '' Terapinvirus'' * '' Teubervirus'' * '' Thetabobvirus'' * '' Tigunavirus'' * '' Timquatrovirus'' * '' Tinduovirus'' * '' Titanvirus'' * '' Tortellinivirus'' * '' Triavirus'' * '' Trigintaduovirus'' * '' Trinavirus'' * '' Trinevirus'' * '' Triplejayvirus'' * '' Unahavirus'' * '' Uwajimavirus'' * '' Vashvirus'' * '' Vedamuthuvirus'' * '' Vendettavirus'' * '' Vhulanivirus'' * '' Vidquintavirus'' * '' Vieuvirus'' * '' Vividuovirus'' * '' Vojvodinavirus'' * '' Waukeshavirus'' * '' Wbetavirus'' * '' Weaselvirus'' * '' Whackvirus'' * '' Whiteheadvirus'' * '' Wildcatvirus'' * '' Wilnyevirus'' * '' Wizardvirus'' * '' Woesvirus'' * '' Woodruffvirus'' * '' Xiamenvirus'' * '' Xipdecavirus'' * '' Yangvirus'' * '' Yonseivirus'' * '' Yuavirus'' * '' Yvonnevirus'' * '' Zetavirus'' Please note that genus ''Inceonvirus'' is likely misspelled ''Incheonvirus''.

References

External links

Viralzone: Siphoviridae

ICTV

Complete Genomes of Siphoviridae
{{Use dmy dates, date=April 2017 Virus families