A number of additional characters are used with the

International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic transcription, phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standa ...

by linguists documenting the languages of China and neighboring countries, especially linguists based in China.

Letters

;Primary vowels These letters are used by those who want symbols for five equally-spaced vowels in formant space. * = central * = mid * = mid ;Fricative vowels These letters, sometimes mistakenly called "apical", derive from

Karlgren Klas Bernhard Johannes Karlgren (; 15 October 1889 – 20 October 1978) was a Swedish sinologist and linguist who pioneered the study of Chinese historical phonology using modern comparative methods. In the early 20th century, Karlgren conducte ...

, from a turned . * = * = * = * = ;

Alveolo-palatal consonant In phonetics, alveolo-palatal (or alveopalatal) consonants, sometimes synonymous with pre-palatal consonants, are intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants, or which have simultaneous alveolar and palatal articul ...

s These letters are featural derivatives of and . * = * = * = * =

References

{{IPA navigation International Phonetic Alphabet