Brigadier
Brigadier is a military rank, the seniority of which depends on the country. In some countries, it is a senior rank above colonel, equivalent to a brigadier general or commodore, typically commanding a brigade of several thousand soldiers. I ...
Simon Christopher Joseph Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat, 4th Baron Lovat, (9 July 1911 – 16 March 1995) was a prominent
British Commando during the
Second World War
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposi ...
and
the 25th Chief of the
Clan Fraser of Lovat
Clan Fraser of Lovat ( gd, Friseal french: link=yes, Fraiser) is a Highland Scottish clan and the principal branch of Clan Fraser. The Frasers of Lovat are strongly associated with Inverness and the surrounding area since the Clan's founder gaine ...
. Known familiarly as Shimi Lovat, an anglicised version of his name in
Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic ( gd, Gàidhlig ), also known as Scots Gaelic and Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland. As a Goidelic language, Scottish Gaelic, as well ...
; his clan referred to him as
MacShimidh, his Gaelic
patronym. During
Operation Overlord, he led the
Special Service Brigade
The Special Service Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the Second World War.
It was formed in 1940, after the call for volunteers for Special Service who eventually became the British Commandos.
Background
In 1940, volunteers wer ...
at
Sword Beach
Sword, commonly known as Sword Beach, was the code name given to one of the five main landing areas along the Normandy coast during the initial assault phase, Operation Neptune, of Operation Overlord. The Allied invasion of German-occupied Fr ...
and to successfully capture
Pegasus Bridge
Pegasus Bridge, originally called the Bénouville Bridge after the neighbouring village, is a road crossing over the Caen Canal, between Caen and Ouistreham in Normandy. The original bridge, built in 1934, is now a war memorial and is the cent ...
, famously accompanied by his piper,
Bill Millin
William Millin (July 14, 1922 – August 18, 2010),[ ...](_blank)
.
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from ...
described Lovat as 'the handsomest man to slit a throat', being a renowned and feared military leader. Indeed,
Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the le ...
supposedly placed a bounty of 100,000 marks on his head, dead or alive in 1944.
While the 15th Lord de jure, he was the 17th
Lord Lovat
Lord Lovat ( gd, Mac Shimidh) is a title of the rank Lord of Parliament in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1458 for Hugh Fraser by summoning him to the Scottish Parliament as Lord Fraser of Lovat, although the holder is referred ...
de facto, but for the
attainder
In English criminal law, attainder or attinctura was the metaphorical "stain" or "corruption of blood" which arose from being condemned for a serious capital crime (felony or treason). It entailed losing not only one's life, property and hereditar ...
of his
Jacobite ancestor, the
11th Lord Lovat, who was famously executed in 1747. He was also 4th Baron Lovat in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
Early life
Born at his ancestral home of
Beaufort Castle near
Beauly
Beauly ( ; ; gd, A' Mhanachainn) is a village in the Highland area, on the River Beauly, west of Inverness by the Far North railway line. The town is historically within Kilmorack Parish of the Scottish County of Inverness.
The land around B ...
,
Inverness-shire
Inverness-shire ( gd, Siorrachd Inbhir Nis) is a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area of Scotland. Covering much of the Highlands and Outer Hebrides, it is Scotland's largest county, though one of the smallest in popula ...
, Fraser was the son of
Simon Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat
Major-General Simon Joseph Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat and 3rd Baron Lovat, (25 November 1871 – 18 February 1933), was a leading Roman Catholic aristocrat, landowner, forester, soldier, politician and the 23rd Chief of Clan Fraser. While l ...
(commonly known as the 16th Lord), and Laura, daughter of
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale (29 October 1854 – 21 October 1925) was a British Liberal politician.
Early life
Thomas Lister was born on 29 October 1854 in Fontainebleau, France, the eldest son of Thomas Lister, 3rd Baron Ribblesdale ...
. After being educated at
Ampleforth College
Ampleforth College is a co-educational independent day and boarding school in the English public school tradition located in the village of Ampleforth, North Yorkshire, England. It opened in 1802 as a boys' school, it is situated in the groun ...
(where he was a member of the
Officer Training Corps
The Officers' Training Corps (OTC), more fully called the University Officers' Training Corps (UOTC), are military leadership training units operated by the British Army. Their focus is to develop the leadership abilities of their members whilst ...
) and
Magdalen College, Oxford, where he joined the University's Cavalry Squadron,
Fraser was commissioned as a
second lieutenant in the
Lovat Scouts
The Lovat Scouts was a British Army unit first formed during the Second Boer War as a Scottish Highland yeomanry regiment of the British Army. They were the first known military unit to wear a ghillie suit and in 1916 formally became the British ...
(a
Territorial Army unit) in 1930. He transferred to the regular army while still a second lieutenant, joining the
Scots Guards
The Scots Guards (SG) is one of the five Foot Guards regiments of the British Army. Its origins are as the personal bodyguard of King Charles I of England and Scotland. Its lineage can be traced back to 1642, although it was only placed on the E ...
in 1931. The following year, Fraser succeeded his father to become the 15th
Lord Lovat
Lord Lovat ( gd, Mac Shimidh) is a title of the rank Lord of Parliament in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1458 for Hugh Fraser by summoning him to the Scottish Parliament as Lord Fraser of Lovat, although the holder is referred ...
(referred to as the 17th Lord Lovat) and 25th Chief of the Clan Fraser. He was promoted lieutenant in August 1934. Lovat resigned his regular commission as a lieutenant in 1937, transferring to the Supplementary Reserve of Officers.
He married Rosamond Broughton (1917–2012), the daughter of
Sir Henry John Delves Broughton, on 10 October 1938, with whom he had six children. Lord and Lady Lovat lived at Beaufort Castle.
World War II
In June 1939, just months before the
Second World War
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposi ...
, Lord Lovat also resigned his reserve commission. In July, however, as war approached, he was mobilized as a captain in the
Lovat Scouts
The Lovat Scouts was a British Army unit first formed during the Second Boer War as a Scottish Highland yeomanry regiment of the British Army. They were the first known military unit to wear a ghillie suit and in 1916 formally became the British ...
. In 1940 together with his Stirling cousins and friends, including
Donald Cameron of Lochiel, Lovat planned to create a new unorthodox group of shock fighters (Commandos) who would combine sea, air and land attacks using surprise as a key component. It was essential to use volunteers only. Crucial to the plan was the personal blessing of Sir Winston Churchill which they duly obtained. Lovat was personally involved in the training of the Commando troops on the West coast of Scotland. He was eventually attached to and led No. 4 Commando. On 3 March 1941, Nos 3 and 4 Commando launched
a raid on the German-occupied
Lofoten Islands
Lofoten () is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway. Lofoten has distinctive scenery with dramatic mountains and peaks, open sea and sheltered bays, beaches and untouched lands. There are two towns, Svolvæ ...
. In the successful raid, the commandos destroyed
fish-oil factories, petrol dumps, and 11 ships. They also seized
encryption
In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding information. This process converts the original representation of the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Ideally, only authorized parties can de ...
equipment and
codebook
A codebook is a type of document used for gathering and storing cryptography codes. Originally codebooks were often literally , but today codebook is a byword for the complete record of a series of codes, regardless of physical format.
Crypto ...
s. As well, the commandos captured 216 German troops; 315 Norwegians chose to accompany the commandos back to Britain.
As a temporary major, Lord Lovat commanded 100 men of No. 4 Commando and a 50-man detachment from the Canadian
Carleton and York Regiment in a raid on the French coastal village of
Hardelot in April. For this action he was awarded the
Military Cross
The Military Cross (MC) is the third-level (second-level pre-1993) military decoration awarded to officers and (since 1993) other ranks of the British Armed Forces, and formerly awarded to officers of other Commonwealth countries.
The MC ...
on 7 July 1942. Lord Lovat became an acting lieutenant-colonel in 1942 and was appointed the commanding officer of No. 4 Commando, leading them in a successful component of the abortive
Dieppe Raid (Operation Jubilee) on 19 August. His commando attacked and destroyed a battery of six 150 mm guns. Lovat was awarded the
Distinguished Service Order
The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) is a military decoration of the United Kingdom, as well as formerly of other parts of the Commonwealth, awarded for meritorious or distinguished service by officers of the armed forces during wartime, ty ...
(DSO).
The raid as a whole was a disastrous failure with over 4,000 casualties sustained, predominantly Canadian. Yet No. 4 Commando executed its assault, with most men returning safely to Britain.
According to Hilary Saunders, the official biographer of the Commandos the men "were to arouse such a passion of hate and fear in the hearts of their enemies that first Von Runstedt and then Hitler in 1942 ordered their slaughter when captured down to the last man. Lovat had 100,000 Reich marks placed on his head, dead or alive. The infamous "Commando Order".
In planning Operation Overlord, in 1944 Lord Lovat was made a
brigadier
Brigadier is a military rank, the seniority of which depends on the country. In some countries, it is a senior rank above colonel, equivalent to a brigadier general or commodore, typically commanding a brigade of several thousand soldiers. I ...
and appointed the Commander of the newly formed
1st Special Service Brigade
The 1st Special Service Brigade was a commando brigade of the British Army. Formed during the Second World War, it consisted of elements of the British Army (including British Commandos) and the Royal Marines. The brigade's component units saw a ...
. Lord Lovat's brigade was landed at
Sword during the
invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944. Lord Lovat reputedly waded ashore in battle dress contrary to the legend in the film the Longest Day which had him wearing a white jumper under his battledress, with "Lovat" inscribed into the collar while armed with a
.45-70 Winchester underlever rifle. (The latter claim is disputed; however, in some earlier pictures y/1942 he is seen with a bolt-action
.30-06 Winchester Model 70
The Winchester Model 70 is a bolt-action sporting rifle. It has an iconic place in American sporting culture and has been held in high regard by shooters since it was introduced in 1936, earning the moniker "The Rifleman's Rifle". The action has s ...
sporting rifle). However, in his memoirs, 'March Past', Lovat states that he was armed with a "short barreled U.S. Army carbine" (presumably an
M1 carbine
The M1 carbine (formally the United States Carbine, Caliber .30, M1) is a lightweight semi-automatic carbine that was a standard firearm for the U.S. military during World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. The M1 carbine was produced ...
) on D-Day.
Lord Lovat instructed his personal piper,
Bill Millin
William Millin (July 14, 1922 – August 18, 2010),[ ...](_blank)
, to pipe the commandos and himself ashore, in defiance of specific orders not to allow such an action in battle.
When Private Millin demurred, citing the regulations, he recalled later, Lord Lovat replied: "Ah, but that’s the War Office. You and I are both Scottish, and that doesn’t apply".
Lovat's forces swiftly pressed on, Lovat himself advancing with parts of his brigade from Sword to
Pegasus Bridge
Pegasus Bridge, originally called the Bénouville Bridge after the neighbouring village, is a road crossing over the Caen Canal, between Caen and Ouistreham in Normandy. The original bridge, built in 1934, is now a war memorial and is the cent ...
, which had been defiantly defended by men of the 2nd Bn the
Ox & Bucks Light Infantry (
6th Airborne Division) who had landed in the early hours by glider. Lord Lovat's commandos arrived at a little past 1 p.m. at Pegasus Bridge though the rendezvous time as per the plan was noon. It is a common misconception that they reached almost exactly on time, late by only two and a half minutes. Upon reaching the rendezvous, Lord Lovat apologised to Lieutenant-Colonel
Geoffrey Pine-Coffin, of 7th Parachute Battalion. He went on to establish defensive positions around
Ranville
Ranville () is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.
Ranville was the first French village liberated on D-Day. The village was liberated by the British 13th Parachute Battalion, commanded by Lieute ...
, east of the
River Orne
The Orne () is a river in Normandy, within northwestern France. It is long. It discharges into the English Channel at the port of Ouistreham. Its source is in Aunou-sur-Orne, east of Sées. Its main tributaries are the Odon and the Rouvre.
The ...
. The bridges were relieved later in the day by elements of the
British 3rd Infantry Division.
During the
Battle of Breville on 12 June, Lord Lovat was seriously wounded whilst observing an
artillery
Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during siege ...
bombardment by the
51st Highland Division
The 51st (Highland) Division was an infantry division of the British Army that fought on the Western Front in France during the First World War from 1915 to 1918. The division was raised in 1908, upon the creation of the Territorial Force, as ...
. A stray
shell
Shell may refer to:
Architecture and design
* Shell (structure), a thin structure
** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses
** Thin-shell structure
Science Biology
* Seashell, a hard o ...
fell short of its target and landed amongst the officers, killing Lieutenant-Colonel
A. P. Johnson, commanding officer of the
12th Parachute Battalion, also seriously wounding Brigadier
Hugh Kindersley
Brigadier Hugh Kenyon Molesworth Kindersley, 2nd Baron Kindersley of West Hoathly (7 May 1899 – 6 October 1976) was a British Army officer, businessman, banker. His father was businessman Robert Kindersley, 1st Baron Kindersley GBE.
Early y ...
of the
6th Airlanding Brigade.
He was awarded the
Legion of Honour
The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon ...
and the ''
Croix de Guerre'' by a grateful
French Fourth Republic
The French Fourth Republic (french: Quatrième république française) was the republican government of France from 27 October 1946 to 4 October 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. It was in many ways a revival of the Third Re ...
.
Later life
Lord Lovat was a stalwart of the Inverness Highland aristocracy. In 1942 he was appointed a Deputy lieutenant of the county, and two years later a
Justice of the Peace. Lord Lovat made a full recovery from the severe wounds he had received in France but was unable to return to the army (he transferred to the reserve in 1949). In early 1945 Churchill sent him to Moscow as his envoy in a Parliamentary delegation to pay his respect to Stalin and the Presidium. Churchill notes in the final volume of his biography of the Second World War that at the crucial meeting with Stalin and President Roosevelt at Yalta in 1945 when the boundaries of Europe were being discussed Stalin kept coming back again and again, in conversation, to military questions: Stalin said he had acquired a new interest in life, says Churchill, an interest in military affairs. "He liked young military fighters like Lord Lovat". ref: WC: the Second World War, volume VI, p. 344 Yalta finale.
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from ...
requested that he become Captain of the
Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms
His Majesty's Body Guard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms is a bodyguard to the British Monarch. Until 17 March 1834, they were known as The Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners.
Formation
The corps was formed as the Troop of Gen ...
in the
House of Lords
The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is by appointment, heredity or official function. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminste ...
; however, Lord Lovat declined the offer and in 1945 joined the Government as
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs is a vacant junior position in the British government, subordinate to both the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and since 1945 also to the Minister of State for Foreign Affai ...
, "becoming responsible for the functions of the
Ministry of Economic Warfare
The Minister of Economic Warfare was a British government position which existed during the Second World War. The minister was in charge of the Special Operations Executive and the Ministry of Economic Warfare.
See also
* Blockade of Germany (193 ...
when these were taken over by the Foreign Office", resigning upon Winston Churchill's election defeat. In 1946 he was made a Commander of the
Venerable Order of Saint John
The Order of St John, short for Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (french: l'ordre très vénérable de l'Hôpital de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem) and also known as St John International, is a British royal order of ...
. His formal retirement from the army came on 16 June 1962, he retained the honorary rank of brigadier.
Lord Lovat's involvement in politics continued throughout his life, in the
House of Lords
The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is by appointment, heredity or official function. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminste ...
where he spoke on Scottish Affairs and served in the
Inverness County Council
Inverness-shire ( gd, Siorrachd Inbhir Nis) is a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area of Scotland. Covering much of the Highlands and Outer Hebrides, it is Scotland's largest county, though one of the smallest in populatio ...
for the next forty-two years where he pressed for modernising improvements. He also devoted much of his time to the family estates of 250,000 acres in the highlands and to Fraser Clan affairs. He bred a pedigree herd of shorthorn cattle and was an international judge of cattle travelling widely to Canada, America, Latin America and Australia in that regard. He lectured on agronomy and loved racing. He was chieftain of
Lovat Shinty Club
Lovat Shinty Club is a shinty club from Kiltarlity, Inverness-shire, Scotlandbr> The club was formed in 188and has a healthy rivalry with near neighbours Beauly Shinty Club, Beauly. The club takes its name from the area within which it plays ...
, the local
shinty team which bears his family name. Lord Lovat experienced a great deal of sadness in his final years; two of his sons predeceased him in accidents within days of each other. In 1994, a year before his death, the family's traditional residence, Beaufort Castle, was sold by his eldest son, Simon Fraser, to pay
inheritance taxes.
Lord Lovat's second son, Kim, played the pipes at Lord Lovat's funeral.
Media
''
The Longest Day'', a 1962 film based on the book of the same name, features "Lord Lovat", played by
Peter Lawford
Peter Sydney Ernest Lawford ( Aylen; 7 September 1923 – 24 December 1984) was an English-American actor.Obituary '' Variety'', 26 December 1984.
He was a member of the " Rat Pack" and the brother-in-law of US president John F. Kennedy and se ...
.
There is some suggestion that the charlatan commando character "Trimmer" in
Evelyn Waugh
Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh (; 28 October 1903 – 10 April 1966) was an English writer of novels, biographies, and travel books; he was also a prolific journalist and book reviewer. His most famous works include the early satires '' Decl ...
's
Sword of Honour
The ''Sword of Honour'' is a trilogy of novels by Evelyn Waugh which loosely parallel Waugh's experiences during the Second World War. Published by Chapman & Hall from 1952 to 1961, the novels are: ''Men at Arms'' (1952); ''Officers and Gent ...
trilogy of novels is based on Lovat. Lovat was closely associated with Waugh's forced resignation from the Commandos, which is the subject of an exchange of correspondence between them which Waugh pasted into his war diaries. In an article in ''Standpoint'' magazine,
Paul Johnson wrote:
Family
Simon Christopher Joseph Fraser, Master of Lovat and 15th Lord Lovat (9 July 1911 –16 March 1995), was the son and eldest child of
Simon Joseph Fraser, 14th Baron Lovat (25 November 1871 –18 February 1933), and the Hon. Laura Lister (12 January 1892 –24 March 1965). His younger brother was Hon.
Sir Hugh Charles Patrick Joseph Fraser (23 January 1918 –6 March 1984).
He married Rosamond Delves Broughton on 10 October 1938. They had six children:
#
Simon Augustine Fraser, Master of Lovat (28 August 1939 –26 March 1994) married Virginia Grose in 1972. They had four children: the Hon. Violet Fraser (b. 1972), the
Hon. Honor Fraser (b. 1973),
Simon Christopher Joseph Fraser, 16th Lord Lovat (b. 1977), and the Hon. John Fraser (b. 1984). Died at the age of 54 of a heart-attack while hunting on the family estate at Beaufort Castle.
#Hon. Fiona Mary Fraser (born 6 July 1941) married Robin Richard Allen in 1982 and have no issue.
#
Hon. Annabel Thérèse Fraser (born 15 October 1942). She married
Hugh William Mackay, 14th Baron Reay on 14 September 1964 and divorced in 1978. They had 3 children including
Æneas Simon Mackay, 15th Baron Reay.
#Hon. Kimball Ian Maurice Fraser (4 January 1946 –30 May 2020). He married Joanna North on 18 Oct 1975 and had 3 sons.
# Hon Alastair Hugh Joseph Fraser (14 November 1947 –20 February 2011) married Drusilla Montgomerie on 1 May 1976 and had four children. Died of cancer at the age of 63.
"Obituary: The Rt. Hon. Hugh Fraser, farmer (1947–2011)"
''The Scotsman
''The Scotsman'' is a Scottish compact newspaper and daily news website headquartered in Edinburgh. First established as a radical political paper in 1817, it began daily publication in 1855 and remained a broadsheet until August 2004. Its pare ...
''
# Hon. Andrew Matthew Roy Fraser (24 February 1952 –15 March 1994) married Lady Charlotte Greville, daughter of the 8th Earl of Warwick
Earl of Warwick is one of the most prestigious titles in the peerages of the United Kingdom. The title has been created four times in English history, and the name refers to Warwick Castle and the town of Warwick.
Overview
The first creation ...
, in 1979 and had 2 daughters: Daisy Rosamond Fraser (b. 1985) and Laura Alfreda Fraser (b. 1987). Died after being attacked by buffalo in Tanzania.
The 15th Lord Lovat's first son and heir Simon Augustine Fraser, Master of Lovat, and his fourth son Andrew predeceased him in 1994 within days of each other. The 15th Lord Lovat then died a year later in 1995. The title then passed to his grandson Simon Christopher Fraser, who became the 16th Lord Lovat.
References
External links
British Army Officers 1939–1945
The London Gazette (pdf format)
LOVAT, 17th Lord
''Who Was Who'', A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2012.
The Clan Currie Society's Tribute to Private Bill Millin
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lovat, Simon Fraser, 15th Lord
1911 births
1995 deaths
Scottish military personnel
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
British Army Commandos officers
British Army brigadiers of World War II
Clan Fraser
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Deputy Lieutenants of Inverness-shire
Scottish justices of the peace
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Lovat Scouts officers
Members of Inverness County Council
People educated at Ampleforth College
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Military Cross
People from Highland (council area)
Scots Guards officers
Shinty players
Tennant family
Fraser, Simon Fraser, 7th Lord
Lords Lovat
Ministers in the Churchill caretaker government, 1945