The Atheriniformes, also known as the silversides, are an
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...
of
ray-finned fish
Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species.
The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or h ...
es that includes the
Old World silversides and several less-familiar families, including the unusual
Phallostethidae
Phallostethidae, also known as the priapium fish, is a family of atheriniform fish native to freshwater and brackish habitats in southeast Asia.
They are small, no more than in length, with partially translucent bodies. They are found in fresh ...
. The order includes at least 354 species. They are found worldwide in tropical and temperate marine and freshwater environments.
[
]
Description
Atheriniformes are generally elongated and silvery in colour, although exceptions do exist. They are typically small fish, with the largest being the Argentinian silverside, with a head-body length of , and the smallest species, such as the Bangkok minnow, being only in adult length.
Members of the order usually have two dorsal fin
A dorsal fin is a fin located on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates within various taxa of the animal kingdom. Many species of animals possessing dorsal fins are not particularly closely related to each other, though through c ...
s, the first with flexible spines, and an anal fin with one spine at the front. The lateral line is typically weak or absent. Atheriniform larvae share several characteristics; the gut is unusually short, a single row of melanophores occurs along the back, and the fin rays do not become evident until some time after hatching. They scatter their eggs widely, with most species attaching them to aquatic plants.[
]
Taxonomy
Classification of the Atheriniformes is uncertain, with the best evidence for monophyly
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic ...
in the larval characteristics mentioned below. Their closest relatives are thought to be the Cyprinodontiformes.[
Nelson 2016 recognizes the infraseries Atherinomorpha, part of the sub series Ovalentaria which includes the orders Atheriniformes, Beloniformes, and Cyprinodontiformes, citing the larval characteristics and supporting molecular studies of these taxa as support for monophyly of this grouping. The sister taxon to the Atherinomorpha appears to be the ]Mugiliformes
The mullets or grey mullets are a family (Mugilidae) of ray-finned fish found worldwide in coastal temperate and tropical waters, and some species in fresh water. Mullets have served as an important source of food in Mediterranean Europe since R ...
.
Following Nelson (2006), the family Melanotaeniidae
The rainbowfish or Melanotaeniidae is a family of small, colourful freshwater fish found in northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea (including islands in Cenderawasih Bay and Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia), Sulawesi and Madagascar.
The la ...
includes the subfamilies Bedotiinae, Melanotaeniinae, Pseudomugilinae, and Telmatherininae, to demonstrate their monophyly
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic ...
. However, in a 2004 study, a different classification scheme classifies the families Bedotiidae, Melanotaeniidae, and Pseudomugilidae (also include Telmatherinine genera) in a suborder Melanotaenioidei. Thus, the number of families in Atheriniformes varies from author to author.
Nelson 2016 classifies the families as follows:[
* Order Atheriniformes
** Suborder ]Atherinopsoidei
Atherinopsoidei is a suborder of the order Atheriniformes comprising two families, both of which are restricted to the Americas.
Families
The suborder contains the following families:
* Family Atherinopsidae Fitzinger, 1873 (New World silvers ...
*** Family Atherinopsidae (New World silversides)
*** Family Notocheiridae
The surf silverside (''Notocheirus hubbsi'') is a species of silverside from the order Atheriniformes found along the Pacific coast of Argentina and Chile. It is the only known member of its family and molecular evidence points to this species ...
(Surf silversides)
** Suborder Atherinoidei
Atherinoidei is a suborder of the order Atheriniformes comprising six families, with a mainly Old World distribution, although a few species are found in the western Atlantic Ocean.
Families
The suborder contains the following families:
* Fami ...
*** Family Isonidae
''Iso'' is an Indo-Pacific genus of silversides, commonly called surf sardines, the only genus in the monogeneric family Isonidae, they were formerly classified in the family Notocheiridae alongside the surf silverside but they are now though ...
(Surf sardines)
*** Family Melanotaeniidae
The rainbowfish or Melanotaeniidae is a family of small, colourful freshwater fish found in northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea (including islands in Cenderawasih Bay and Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia), Sulawesi and Madagascar.
The la ...
(Rainbowfishes and blue eyes)
*** Family Atherion
''Atherion'' is a small genus of silversides, known as the pricklenose silversides. It is the only genus in the family Atherionidae. Other authorities classify this as a monogeneric subfamily, Atherioninae, of the Atherinidae, while others incl ...
idae (Pricklenose silversides)
*** Family Dentatherinidae (Mercer's tusked silverside)
*** Family Phallostethidae
Phallostethidae, also known as the priapium fish, is a family of atheriniform fish native to freshwater and brackish habitats in southeast Asia.
They are small, no more than in length, with partially translucent bodies. They are found in fresh ...
(Priapiumfishes)
*** Family Atherinidae (Old World silversides)
Timeline of genera
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from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', ...
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligocene
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from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Miocene
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color:eocene bar:NAM1 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Atherina
''Atherina'' is a genus of fish of silverside family Atherinidae, found in the temperate and tropic zones. Up to 15 cm long, they are widespread in the Mediterranean, Black Sea, Sea of Azov in lagoons and estuaries. It comes to the low stre ...
color:eocene bar:NAM2 from:-37.2 till:-5.332 text: Palaeoatherina
color:eocene bar:NAM3 from:-37.2 till:0 text: Pranesus
color:miocene bar:NAM4 from:-23.03 till:0 text: Stenatherina
color:miocene bar:NAM5 from:-11.608 till:0 text: Atherinopsis
color:pliocene bar:NAM6 from:-5.332 till:0 text: Chirostoma
color:pliocene bar:NAM7 from:-5.332 till:0 text: Colpichthys
color:pliocene bar:NAM8 from:-5.332 till:0 text:Menidia
''Menidia'' is a genus of Neotropical silversides native to freshwater, brackish and marine habitats along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of North America, ranging from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in Canada to the Yucatán Peninsula in ...
color:pleistocene bar:NAM9 from:-2.588 till:0 text: Leuresthes
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The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''pala ...
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', ...
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligocene
The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but t ...
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Miocene
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from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Plio.
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text: Pleist.
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from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene
The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning o ...
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text: Neogene
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References
*
{{taxonbar, from=Q254606
Ray-finned fish orders
Articles which contain graphical timelines