Sienna

Sienna (from it, terra di Siena, meaning "Siena earth") is an earth pigment containing iron oxide and manganese oxide. In its natural state, it is yellowish brown and is called raw sienna. When heated, it becomes a reddish brown and is called burnt sienna.''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', 5th Edition (2002) It takes its name from the city-state of Siena, where it was produced during the Renaissance. Along with ochre and umber, it was one of the first pigments to be used by humans, and is found in many cave paintings. Since the Renaissance, it has been one of the brown pigments most widely used by artists.

The first recorded use of ''sienna'' as a color name in English was in 1760.

The normalized color coordinates for sienna are identical to kobe, first recorded as a color name in English in 1924.

Earth colors

Like the other earth colors, such as yellow ochre and umber, sienna is a clay containing iron oxide, called limonite, which in its natural state has a yellowish colour. In addition to iron oxide, natural or raw sienna also contains about five percent of manganese oxide, which makes it darker than ochre. When heated, the iron oxide is dehydrated and turns partially to haematite, which gives it a reddish-brown colour.
Sienna is lighter in shade than raw umber, which is also clay with iron oxide, but which has a higher content of manganese (5 to 20 percent) which makes it greenish brown or dark brown. When heated, raw umber becomes burnt umber, a very dark brown.

File:Monteriggioni0001.jpg, The clay soil of Tuscany (here near Monteriggioni) is rich in limonite, or hydrated iron oxide, the main ingredient of sienna pigment.
File:LimoniteUSGOV.jpg, Limonite, a clay containing iron oxide, which gives the color to sienna pigment
File:Hematite.jpg, Haematite. When limonite is roasted, it turns partially to haematite and becomes more reddish.
File:Pigment sienna burnt iconofile.jpg, After being heated, the pigment has become the color known as burnt sienna.

History

The pigment sienna was known and used, in its natural form, by the ancient Romans. It was mined near Arcidosso, formerly under Sienese control, now in the province of Grosseto, on Monte Amiata in southern Tuscany. It was called ''terra rossa'' (red earth), ''terra gialla'', or terra di Siena''.'' During the Renaissance, it was noted by the most widely read author about painting techniques, Giorgio Vasari, under the name terra rossa. It became, along with umber and yellow ochre, one of the standard browns used by artists from the 16th to 19th centuries, including Caravaggio (1571-1610) and Rembrandt (1606-1669), who used all the earth colors, including ochre, sienna and umber, in his palette.John Burnet (1880), A Treatise on Painting in Four Parts, (Google Books)David Bomfeld, Christopher Brown, Ashok Roy, (1988) Rembrandt- Art in the Making - Rembrandt. Yale University Press, ().

By the 1940s, the traditional sources in Italy were nearly exhausted. Much of today's sienna production is carried out in the Italian islands of Sardinia and Sicily, while other major deposits are found in the Appalachian Mountains, where it is often found alongside the region's iron deposits. It is also still produced in the French Ardennes, in the small town of Bonne Fontaine near Ecordal. p. 30

In the 20th century, pigments began to be produced using synthetic iron oxide rather than the natural earth. The labels on paint tubes indicate whether they contain natural or synthetic ingredients. PY-43 indicates natural raw sienna, PR-102 indicates natural burnt sienna.

File:Giorgio Vasari - The battle of Marciano in Val di Chiana - Google Art Project.jpg , Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574) used earth colors, including ochre and sienna, in his frescos, including this painting in the Hall of the Five Hundred at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. In his writings Vasari called sienna terra rossa.Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects. (Google Books).
File:Rembrandt Self-portrait (Kenwood).jpg , Rembrandt van Rijn used all the earth pigments, including sienna, ochre, and umber, to create his rich and complex browns.

Variations

There is no single agreed standard for the colour of sienna, and the name is used today for a wide variety of hues and shades. They vary by country and colour list, and there are many proprietary variations offered by paint companies. The colour box at the top of the article shows one variation from the ISCC-NBS colour list.

Raw sienna

Raw sienna is a yellowish-brown natural earth pigment, composed primarily of iron oxide hydroxide. The box shows the colour of the pigment in its natural, or raw state. It contains a large quantity of iron oxide and a small quantity (about five percent) of manganese oxide.

This kind of pigment is known as yellow ochre, yellow earth, limonite, or terra gialla. The pigment name for natural raw sienna from the Colour Index International, shown on the labels of oil paints, is PY-43.

This box at right shows a variation of raw sienna from the Italian Ferrario 1919 colour list.

Burnt sienna

Burnt sienna contains a large proportion of anhydrous iron oxide. It is made by heating raw sienna, which dehydrates the iron oxide, changing it partially to haematite, giving it rich reddish-brown colour.

The pigment is also known as red earth, red ochre, and terra rossa. On the Colour Index International, the pigment is known as PR-102.

This version is from the Italian Ferrario 1919 colour list.

The first recorded use of ''burnt sienna'' as a colour name in English was in 1853.Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' 1930 New York: McGraw-Hill p. 204; Color Sample of Sienna: p. 33 Plate 5 Color Sample F12

Burnt sienna pigment (Maerz and Paul)

This variation of burnt sienna is from the Maerz and Paul "A Dictionary of Color" from 1930. It is considerably lighter than most other versions of burnt sienna. It was a mix of burnt orange and raw sienna.

Dark sienna (ISCC-NBS)

This infobox shows the colour dark sienna. This variation is from the ISCC-NBS colour list. A similar dark sienna paint was frequently used on Bob Ross's TV show, '' The Joy of Painting''.

Sienna (X11 colour)

The web colour sienna is defined by the list of X11 colours used in web browsers and web design.

See also

* List of colours
* List of inorganic pigments

References

{{Shades of brown, sienna

Iron oxide pigments
Shades of brown