Background and context
TheRoles
Synopsis
Act I
Prelude to Act IScene 1
A cave in rocks in the forest. An orchestral introduction includes references to leitmotifs including themes relating to the original hoard plundered by the Nibelung Alberich, and one in B-flat minor associated with the Nibelungs themselves. As the curtain rises, Alberich's brother, the dwarf Mime, is forging a sword (''"Zwangvolle Plage!"''). Mime is plotting to obtain the ring of power originally created by his brother Alberich. He has raised the human boy Siegfried as a foster child, to kill Fafner, who obtained the ring and other treasures in the opera '' Das Rheingold'' and has since transformed himself from a giant to a dragon. Mime needs a sword for Siegfried to use, but the youth has contemptuously broken every sword Mime has made. Siegfried returns from his wanderings in the forest with a wild bear in tow, and immediately breaks the new sword. After a whining speech by Mime about ingratitude, and how Mime has brought him up from a mewling infant (''"Als zullendes Kind"''), Siegfried senses why he keeps coming back to Mime although he despises him: he wants to know his parentage. Mime is forced to explain that he encountered Siegfried's mother, Sieglinde, when she was in labor; she died giving birth to Siegfried. He shows Siegfried the broken pieces of the swordScene 2
An old man (Wotan in disguise) arrives at the door and introduces himself as the Wanderer (''"Heil dir, weiser Schmied!"''). In return for the hospitality due a guest, he wagers his head on answering any three questions Mime may ask. The dwarf asks the Wanderer to name the races that live beneath the ground, on the earth, and in the skies. These are the Nibelungs, the Giants, and the Gods, as the Wanderer answers correctly. When Mime still refuses hospitality, the Wanderer reverses the wager. He asks: the race most beloved of Wotan, but most harshly treated; the name of the sword that can destroy Fafner; and the person who can repair the sword. Mime can answer only the first two questions: the Wälsungs (Siegmund and Sieglinde whose tale is told in the opera '' Die Walküre'') and the sword Nothung. Wotan tells him that only "he who does not know fear" can reforge Nothung, and abstains from taking Mime's head, leaving it in favour of that person.Scene 3
Mime despairs as he imagines the ferocity of the dragon Fafner, while "the orchestra paints a dazzling picture of flickering lights and roaring flames" (''"Verfluchtes Licht!"''). Siegfried returns and is annoyed by Mime's lack of progress. Mime realizes that Siegfried is "the one who does not know fear" and that unless he can instill fear in him, Siegfried will kill him as the Wanderer foretold. He tells Siegfried that fear is an essential craft; Siegfried is eager to learn it, and Mime promises to teach him by taking him to Fafner (''"Fühltest du nie im finst’ren Wald"''). Since Mime was unable to forge Nothung, Siegfried decides to do it himself (''"Nothung! Nothung! Neidliches Schwert!"''). He succeeds by shredding the metal, melting it, and casting it anew. In the meantime, Mime brews a poisoned drink to offer Siegfried after the youth has defeated the dragon. After he finishes forging the sword, Siegfried demonstrates its strength by chopping the anvil in half with it (''"Hoho! Hoho! Hohei! Schmiede, mein Hammer, ein hartes Schwert!"'' - ''Siegfrieds Schmiedelied'' - ''Siegfried's Forging Song'').Act II
Prelude to Act IIScene 1
Deep in the forest. The Wanderer arrives at the entrance to Fafner's cave, where Alberich is keeping vigil (''"Im Wald und Nacht"''). The two enemies recognize each other. Alberich boasts of his plans to regain the ring and rule the world. Wotan states that he does not intend to interfere, only to observe. He even offers to awaken the dragon so that Alberich can bargain with him. Alberich warns the dragon that a hero is coming to kill him, and offers to prevent the fight in exchange for the ring. Fafner dismisses the threat, declines Alberich's offer, and returns to sleep. Wotan leaves with a mysterious advice to Alberich that all things follow their own ways, which no one will change. Alberich withdraws, muttering threats. Orchestral InterludeScene 2
At daybreak, Siegfried and Mime arrive. After assuring Siegfried that the dragon will teach him what fear is, Mime withdraws. As Siegfried waits for the dragon to appear, he hears a woodbird singing from the trees (''Waldweben'' - ''Forest Murmurs''). He attempts to mimic the bird's song using a reed pipe, but is unsuccessful. He then plays a tune on his horn (''Siegfrieds Hornruf'' - ''Siegfried's Horn Call''), which unintentionally wakes Fafner in his cave. After a short exchange, they fight; Siegfried stabs Fafner in the heart with Nothung. Regretful about his own life Fafner in his last moments learns the boy's name and tells Siegfried to beware the might of the curse, which condemns every lord of the Ring to death, just as it has now brought death to him. When Siegfried withdraws his sword from Fafner's body, his hands are burned by the dragon's hot blood and he puts his finger in his mouth. On tasting the blood, he finds that he can understand the woodbird's song (''"Hei! Siegfried gehört nun der Niblungen Hort!"''). Following its instructions, he takes the ring and the magic helmet Tarnhelm from Fafner's hoard.Scene 3
Outside the cave, Alberich and Mime meet and quarrel over the treasure (''"Wohin schleichst du eilig und schlau"''). Alberich hides as Siegfried comes out of the cave. Siegfried contemplates the ring but doesn't know what could be its use, viewing it just innocently as a valueless object of nature (''"Was ihr mir nützt, weiß ich nicht"''); nevertheless, on the forest bird's advice he decides to keep it. Then he complains to Mime that not even the dragon Fafner has taught him the meaning of fear. Mime offers him the poisoned drink; however, the magic power of the dragon's blood allows Siegfried to read Mime's treacherous thoughts, and he stabs him to death (''"Willkommen, Siegfried!"''). Hidden nearby, Alberich is heard laughing spitefully at his brother's death. Siegfried puts Mime's body into the treasure cave and places Fafner's body in the cave entrance to block it. The woodbird now sings of a woman sleeping on a rock surrounded by magic fire (''"Nun sing! Ich lausche dem Gesang"''). Siegfried, wondering if he can learn fear from this woman, follows the bird towards the rock.Act III
Prelude to Act IIIScene 1
At the foot of Brünnhilde's rock. The Wanderer summons Erda, the earth goddess (''"Wache, Wala!"''). Erda, appearing confused, is unable to offer any advice (''"Männerthaten umdämmern mir den Muth"''). Wotan informs her that he no longer fears the end of the gods; indeed, he wills it, because he now recognizes that through his own demise the true heritage of his life will be left to the independent pair free from envy in their love, to Siegfried the Wälsung, who took Alberich's ring without succumbing to its corrupting influence thanks to his fearlessness, and Brünnhilde (Erda's and Wotan's child), who will work the deed that redeems the World (''"Dir Unweisen ruf’ ich’s in’s Ohr"''). Dismissed, Erda sinks back into the earth.Scene 2
Siegfried arrives, and the Wanderer questions the youth (''"Mein Vöglein schwebte mir fort"''). Siegfried, who does not recognize his grandfather, answers insolently and starts down the path toward Brünnhilde's rock. The Wanderer blocks his path, but Siegfried mocks him, laughing at his floppy hat and his missing eye, and breaks his spear (the symbol and source of Wotan's authority and power) with a blow from Nothung. Wotan, accepting his fate, calmly gathers up the pieces and vanishes (''"Zieh’ hin! Ich kann dich nicht halten!"''). Orchestral InterludeScene 3
Thanks to his fearlessness Siegfried passes through the ring of fire, emerging on Brünnhilde's rock (''"Selige Öde auf sonniger Höh’!"''). At first, he thinks the sleeping armored figure is a man. However, when he removes the armor, he finds a woman beneath. At the sight of the first woman he has ever seen and struck with the feeling of love, Siegfried at last experiences fear. In desperation, he kisses Brünnhilde, waking her from her magic sleep. Upon waking Brünnhilde hails the Sun and greets Siegfried as the World's Light (''"Heil dir, Sonne! Heil dir, Licht!"''). Afraid and hesitant at first to do so, Brünnhilde is eventually won over by Siegfried's love and renounces through her love for him the world of the gods and with it her own powers ("''Ewig war ich, ewig bin ich"''). Together, they solemnly sing praises to love, in comparison with which the glory of the gods itself seems dimmed and in which even dying can be jubilant: "radiant love, laughing death!" (''"Leuchtende Liebe, lachender Tod!"'')Sources
Elements of the plot of ''Siegfried'' come from a variety of sources. In a letter to Uhlig, Wagner recounted '' The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was'', based on a fairy-tale of theRecordings
References
;Citations ;Sources * Bailey, Robert (1977). "The Structure of the "Ring" and Its Evolution", in ''19th-Century Music'', vol.1 no. 1, pp. 48–61. * Malm, Mats (2000)External links