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was a Japanese
avant-garde The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or ' vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretica ...
poet, dramatist, writer, film director, and photographer. His works range from radio drama, experimental television, underground (''Angura'') theatre, countercultural essays, to Japanese New Wave and "expanded" cinema. Many critics view him as one of the most productive and provocative creative artists to come out of Japan. He has been cited as an influence on various Japanese filmmakers from the 1970s onward.


Life

Terayama was born December 10, 1935, in
Hirosaki is a city located in western Aomori Prefecture, Japan. On 1 April 2020, the city had an estimated population of 168,739 in 71,716 households, and a population density of . The total area of the city is . Hirosaki developed as a castle town fo ...
,
Aomori is the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 278,964 in 136,457 households, and a population density of 340 people per square kilometer spread over the city's total are ...
, the only son of Hachiro and Hatsu Terayama. When Terayama was nine, his mother moved to
Kyūshū is the third-largest island of Japan's five main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands ( i.e. excluding Okinawa). In the past, it has been known as , and . The historical regional name referred to Kyushu and its surround ...
to work at an American military base, while he himself went to live with relatives in the city of Misawa, also in Aomori. Terayama lived through the Aomori air raids that killed more than 30,000 people. His father died at the end of the
Pacific War The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War, was the theater of World War II that was fought in Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and Oceania. It was geographically the largest theater of the war, including the vas ...
in Indonesia in September 1945. Terayama entered Aomori High School in 1951 and, in 1954, he enrolled in
Waseda University , mottoeng = Independence of scholarship , established = 21 October 1882 , type = Private , endowment = , president = Aiji Tanaka , city = Shinjuku , state = Tokyo , country = Japan , students = 47,959 , undergrad = 39,382 , postgrad ...
's Faculty of Education to study Japanese language and literature. However, he soon dropped out because he fell ill with
nephrotic syndrome Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms due to kidney damage. This includes protein in the urine, low blood albumin levels, high blood lipids, and significant swelling. Other symptoms may include weight gain, feeling tired, and foamy ...
. He received his education through working in bars in
Shinjuku is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. It is a major commercial and administrative centre, housing the northern half of the busiest railway station in the world ( Shinjuku Station) and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, the administration ...
. By 18, he was the second winner of the Tanka Studies Award. He married Tenjō Sajiki co-founder Kyōko Kujō () on April 2, 1963. Kujō later began an extramarital affair with fellow co-founder Yutaka Higashi. She and Terayama formally divorced in December 1970, although they continued to work together until Terayama's death on May 4, 1983 from
cirrhosis Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, and end-stage liver disease, is the impaired liver function caused by the formation of scar tissue known as fibrosis due to damage caused by liver disease. Damage causes tissue rep ...
of the liver. Kujō died on April 30, 2014.


Career

His oeuvre includes a number of essays claiming that more can be learned about life through
boxing Boxing (also known as "Western boxing" or "pugilism") is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves and other protective equipment such as hand wraps and mouthguards, throw punches at each other for a predetermined ...
and
horse racing Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport, typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys (or sometimes driven without riders) over a set distance for competition. It is one of the most ancient of all sports, as its basic pr ...
than by attending school and studying hard. Accordingly, he was one of the central figures of the "runaway" movement in Japan in the late 1960s, as depicted in his book, play, and film ''Throw Away Your Books, Rally in the Streets!'' (). In 1967, Terayama formed the
Tenjō Sajiki , was a Japanese independent theater troupe co-founded by Shūji Terayama and whose members include Kohei Ando, Kujō Kyōko, Yutaka Higashi, Tadanori Yokoo, and Fumiko Takagi. It was led by Shūji Terayama and active between 1967 and 1983 (unti ...
theater troupe, whose name comes from the Japanese translation of the 1945
Marcel Carné Marcel Albert Carné (; 18 August 1906 – 31 October 1996) was a French film director. A key figure in the poetic realism movement, Carné's best known films include ''Port of Shadows'' (1938), ''Le Jour Se Lève'' (1939), '' The Devil's Envoys ...
film ''
Les Enfants du Paradis ''Children of Paradise'' (original French title: ''Les Enfants du Paradis'') is a two-part French romantic drama film by Marcel Carné, produced under war conditions in 1943, 1944, and early 1945 in both Vichy France and Occupied France. Set ...
'' and literally translates to "ceiling gallery" (with a meaning similar to the English term " peanut gallery"). The troupe was dedicated to the avant-garde and staged a number of controversial plays tackling social issues from an iconoclastic perspective in unconventional venues, such the streets of Tokyo or private homes. Some major plays include "Bluebeard" (), "Yes" (), and "The Crime of Fatso Oyama" (). Also involved with the theater were artists Aquirax Uno and Tadanori Yokoo, who designed many of the advertisement posters for the group. Musically, he worked closely with experimental composer J.A. Seazer and folk musician
Kan Mikami is a Japanese folk singer-songwriter and actor. His music, heavily influenced by American blues, was popular in Japan in the 1970s. He re-wrote the lyric of the song " Yume wa Yoru Hiraku" for his cover version in 1972, which was banned for its ...
. Fellow
Waseda University , mottoeng = Independence of scholarship , established = 21 October 1882 , type = Private , endowment = , president = Aiji Tanaka , city = Shinjuku , state = Tokyo , country = Japan , students = 47,959 , undergrad = 39,382 , postgrad ...
alumnus Kohei Ando collaborated with Terayama as a Production Assistant. Playwright
Rio Kishida was a Japanese playwright and director. She wrote several plays about women and the problems they faced in a patriarchal society that run parallel with the second wave of the feminist movement in Japan. Even though she did not strictly identify h ...
was also part of the company. She viewed Terayama as a mentor, and together they collaborated on ''Shintokumaru'' (''Poison Boy''), ''The Audience Seats'', and ''Lemmings''. Terayama experimented with 'city plays', a fantastical satire of civic life. ] Also in 1967, Terayama started an experimental cinema and gallery called 'Universal Gravitation,' which is still in existence at Misawa as a resource center. The Terayama Shūji Memorial Hall, which has a large collection of his plays, novels, poetry, photography and a great number of his personal effects and relics from his theatre productions, can also be found in Misawa. With the Tenjo Sajiki Troupe, Terayama directed two plays at the Shiraz Arts Festival, "Origin of Blood", in 1973 and "Ship of Folly", in 1976. In 1976, he was a member of the jury at the 26th Berlin International Film Festival.


Legacy

Terayama published almost 200 literary works and over 20 short and full-length films. In 1997, the Shuji Terayama Museum was opened in Misawa, Aomori, with personal items donated by his mother, Hatsu. The museum was designed by visual artist
Kiyoshi Awazu Kiyoshi, (きよし or キヨシ), is a Japanese given name, also spelled Kyoshi. Possible meanings *''Kyōshi'', a form of Japanese poetry *Kyōshi, a Japanese honorific Possible writings *清, "cleanse" *淳, "pure" *潔, "undefiled" *清志, ...
, who had previously collaborated with Terayama. As of 2015, the museum's director is poet Eimei Sasaki, who had previously starred in ''Throw Away Your Books, Rally in the Streets'' (1968).
Asahi Shimbun is one of the four largest newspapers in Japan. Founded in 1879, it is also one of the oldest newspapers in Japan and Asia, and is considered a newspaper of record for Japan. Its circulation, which was 4.57 million for its morning edition a ...
named an award after Terayama with the inauguration of their Asahi Performing Arts Awards in 2001. "The Terayama Shūji Prize is meant to recognize artistic innovation by individuals or organizations who have demonstrated artistic innovation". However, the awards were suspended in 2008. In March 2012,
Tate Modern Tate Modern is an art gallery located in London. It houses the United Kingdom's national collection of international modern and contemporary art, and forms part of the Tate group together with Tate Britain, Tate Liverpool and Tate St Ives. It ...
in London hosted a tribute to Terayama that was attended by Kyōko Kujō and Terayama's assistant director, Henrikku Morisaki.


Works

His oeuvre is well known for its experimentalism and includes:


Plays

* ''La Marie-Vision / Kegawa no Marie'' (1967) * '' Throw Away Your Books, Rally in the Streets / Sho o Suteyo, Machi e Deyō'' (1968) * ''The Crime of Dr. Gali-gari / Gali-gari Hakase no Hanzai'' (1969) * ''The Man-powered Plane'' (1970) * ''Jashumon'' (1971) * ''Run, Melos / Hashire Melos'' (1972) * ''The Opium War / Ahen Senso'' (1972) * ''Note to a Blind Man / Mojin Shokan'' (1973) * ''Origin of Blood'' (1973) * ''Knock'' (1975) * ''Journal of the Plague Year / Ekibyo Ryuko-ki'' (1975) * ''Ship of Folly'' (1976) * ''The Miraculous Mandarin / Chugoku no Fushigina Yakunin'' (1977) * ''Directions to Servants / Nuhikun'' (1978) * ''Lemmings to the End of the World / Lemmings - Sekai no Hate Made Tsurettete'' (1979)


Short fiction

* Collected in: ''
The Crimson Thread of Abandon ''The Crimson Thread of Abandon'' is a collection of short fiction by Shūji Terayama, translated into English by Elizabeth L. Armstrong and published by the University of Hawai'i Press in 2013.Toshio Matsumoto (25 March 1932 – 12 April 2017) was a Japanese film director and video artist. Biography Matsumoto was born in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan and graduated from Tokyo University in 1955. His first short was '' Ginrin'', which he made in 195 ...
* ''
The Scandalous Adventures of Buraikan is a 1970 Japanese film directed by Masahiro Shinoda. It was Japan's submission to the 43rd Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee. Screen play by Shuji Terayama. Cast *Tatsuya Nak ...
'' (1970), directed by Masahiro Shinoda * ''
Third Base A third baseman, abbreviated 3B, is the player in baseball or softball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base — the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run. In the scoring system us ...
'' (1978), directed by
Yōichi Higashi is a Japanese film director. He began his career working on documentaries at Iwanami Productions but, after going independent, turned to fiction film. He won the Directors Guild of Japan New Directors Award for '' Yasashii Nipponjin'' in 1971, ...


Short films

* ''Catology'' (1960) (lost) * ''The Cage / Ori'' (1964) * '' Emperor Tomato Ketchup / Tomato Kechappu Kōtei'' (1971, short version) * ''The War of Jan-Ken Pon / Janken Sensō'' (1971) * ''Rolla'' (1974) * ''Chōfuku-ki'' (1974) * ''Cinema Guide for Young People / Seishōnen no Tame no Eiga Nyūmon'' (1974) * ''The Labyrinth Tale / Meikyū-tan'' (1975) * ''Hōsō-tan'' (1975) * ''Der Prozess / Shimpan'' (1975) * ''Les Chants de Maldoror / Marudororu no Uta'' (1977) * ''The Eraser / Keshigomu'' (1977) * ''Shadow Film – A Woman with Two Heads / Nitō-onna – Kage no Eiga'' (1977) * ''The Reading Machine / Shokenki'' (1977) * ''An Attempt to Describe the Measure of A Man / Issunbōshi o Kijutsusuru Kokoromi'' (1977)


Feature-length films

* '' Emperor Tomato Ketchup / Tomato Kechappu Kōtei'' (1971, long version) * '' Throw Away Your Books, Rally in the Streets / Sho o Suteyo, Machi e Deyō'' (1971) * '' Death in the Country / Den'en ni Shisu'' (a.k.a.: "Pastoral Hide and Seek") (1974) * ''Boxer / Bokusā'' (1977) * '' Fruits of Passion / Shanhai Ijin Shōkan'' (1981) * '' Grass Labyrinth / Kusa-meikyū'' (1983) * ''Video Letter'' (1983, with Shuntarō Tanikawa) * ''
Farewell to the Ark ''Farewell to the Ark'' ( ja, さらば箱舟, translit. Saraba hakobune) is a 1984 Japanese mystery film directed by Shūji Terayama, loosely based on the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude. It was entered into the 1985 Cannes Film Fest ...
/ Saraba hakobune'' (1984)


Photography

* ''Photothèque imaginaire de Shuji Terayama - Les Gens de la famille Chien-Dieu'' (1975)


See also

* Bombing of Aomori in World War II


Notes


Further reading

* Sorgenfrei, Carol Fisher
''Unspeakable Acts: The Avant-garde Theatre of Terayama Shuji And Postwar Japan''
University of Hawaii Press (2005). * Ridgely, Steven C.
"Japanese Counterculture: The Antiestablishment Art of Terayama Shuji"
Univ of Minnesota Press (2011). * Courdy, Keiko. "Antonin Artaud's influence on Terayama Shuji" in ''Japanese theater and the International Stage,'' Brill, Leiden, Netherlands (2000).


External links

*
Tate Modern retrospective, London, 2012.
7 vols of films at U B U W E B

* Terayama-related localities in Tokyo (in Japanese)
Essay on ''Emperor Tomato Ketchup'' in ''Afterall Journal'', 2009

"Farewell to the Ark" brochure from the 1985 Cannes Film Festival
{{DEFAULTSORT:Terayama, Shuji 1983 deaths 1935 births Deaths from cirrhosis Japanese racehorse owners and breeders Japanese male poets Japanese lyricists Japanese film directors Japanese essayists Magic realism writers Japanese experimental filmmakers People from Aomori Prefecture 20th-century Japanese poets 20th-century Japanese dramatists and playwrights 20th-century Japanese musicians 20th-century essayists People from Hirosaki Writers from Aomori Prefecture Musicians from Aomori Prefecture 20th-century Japanese male writers