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A is a Japanese sword typically made of
bamboo Bamboos are a diverse group of evergreen perennial flowering plants making up the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family. The origin of the word "bamboo" is uncertain, bu ...
used for practice and competition in ''
kendo is a modern Japanese martial art, descended from kenjutsu (one of the old Japanese martial arts, swordsmanship), that uses bamboo swords (shinai) as well as protective armor (bōgu). Today, it is widely practiced within Japan and has spread ...
''. ''Shinai'' are also used in other martial arts, but may be styled differently from ''kendo shinai'', and represented with different
characters Character or Characters may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''Character'' (novel), a 1936 Dutch novel by Ferdinand Bordewijk * ''Characters'' (Theophrastus), a classical Greek set of character sketches attributed to The ...
. The light, soft wood used in a ''shinai'' distinguishes it from other wooden swords such as a ''
bokken A ''bokken'' (, , "wood", and ''ken'', "sword") (or a ''bokutō'' ) is a Japanese wooden sword used for training in kenjutsu. It is usually the size and shape of a ''katana'', but is sometimes shaped like other swords, such as the ''wakizashi'' ...
'', which is generally made of heavier, sturdier wood.


History

The earliest use of a bamboo weapon to train with instead of a sword is credited to
Kamiizumi Nobutsuna Kamiizumi Nobutsuna, (上泉 信綱), born Kamiizumi Ise-no-Kami Fujiwara-no-Hidetsuna, (c.1508 – 1572/1577) was a samurai in Japan's Sengoku period famous for creating the Shinkage-ryū school of combat. He is also well known as Kamiizumi Ise ...
(1508-1572?) of the
Shinkage-ryū ' meaning "new shadow school", is a traditional school ('' koryu'') of Japanese martial arts, founded by Kamiizumi Ise-no-Kami Fujiwara-no-Hidetsuna, later Kamiizumi Ise-no-Kami Nobutsuna Friday, Karl ''Legacies of the sword'', page 24. Univer ...
. The modern ''shinai'', with four slats of bamboo, is generally credited to Nakanishi Chuzo Tsugutate (died 1801) of Nakanishi-ha Ittō-ryū. The ''shinai'' was developed in an effort to reduce the number of practitioners being seriously injured during practice, making a practice weapon that was less dangerous than , the hard wooden swords they were previously using. This is also the motivation behind the development of , the armour that protects the ''kendoka''. Due to its lighter weight compared to a ''bokken'' or a metal katana, a ''shinai'' can be wielded in a fashion that allows quicker strikes than would be practicable with a heavier sword. This also makes ''shinai'' popular in producing movies and television shows; a prop ''shinai'' with a thin metal covering can look similar to a metal sword, while allowing cinematic, showy strikes that are nevertheless fairly safe to perform.


Etymology

The word "''shinai''" is derived from the verb , meaning "to bend, to flex", and was originally short for ''shinai-take'' (flexible bamboo). ''Shinai'' is written with the
kanji are the logographic Chinese characters taken from the Chinese family of scripts, Chinese script and used in the writing of Japanese language, Japanese. They were made a major part of the Japanese writing system during the time of Old Japanese ...
, meaning "bamboo sword", and is an irregular kanji reading. In ''kendo'', it is most common to use a single ''shinai'', sometimes called ''itto'' style. Some ''kendoka'' choose to use two ''shinai''. This ''kendo'' style is usually called , a style that has its roots in the two-sword schools of swordsmanship such as Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū. A ''ni-to'' combatant uses a long ''shinai'' called the , which is usually held in the right hand, and a shorter ''shinai'', called the , which is usually held in the left hand. The holding position can be switched, however, with the daito in the left hand and the shoto in the right. The ''daitō'' is shorter and lighter than a ''shinai'' used in the ''itto'' style of ''kendo''. Specifications for ''shinai'' used in ''kendo'' competitions that follow the
International Kendo Federation The International Kendo Federation (FIK) was founded in 1970. It is an international federation of national and regional kendo associations. The FIK is a non-governmental organisation and its aim is to promote and popularise kendo, iaido and ...
(FIK) rules, are below.


Construction

Sizes and style of ''shinai'' vary. For example, an adult may be able to use a ''shinai'' that is too heavy for a younger person, so ''shinai'' with different sizes and characteristics are made. ''Shinai'' are available in many styles and balances. A ''shinai'' should not be confused with a ''
bokutō A ''bokken'' (, , "wood", and ''ken'', "sword") (or a ''bokutō'' ) is a Japanese wooden sword used for training in kenjutsu. It is usually the size and shape of a ''katana'', but is sometimes shaped like other swords, such as the ''wakizashi'' ...
'', which has a much more similar shape and length to a Japanese sword and is made from a single piece of wood. However, both ''shinai'' and ''bokken'' are used in ''kendo''. The slats of a ''shinai'' are usually made from dried
bamboo Bamboos are a diverse group of evergreen perennial flowering plants making up the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family. The origin of the word "bamboo" is uncertain, bu ...
. Some may also be treated by smoking them, or soaking them in
resin In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers. Resins are usually mixtures of organic compounds. This article focuses on natu ...
. ''Shinai'' slats are also made of
carbon fibre Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (American English), carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (Commonwealth English), carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, carbon-fiber reinforced-thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP), also known as carbon fiber, carbon compo ...
, reinforced resin, or other approved alternative materials. The ''shinai'' comprises four slats known as , which are held together by three
leather Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay. The most common leathers come from cattle, sheep, goats, equine animals, buffalo, pigs and hog ...
fittings: a hilt (tsuka), or handle wrapping (); a fitting at the tip () and a leather strip () that binds the four slats. The parts are all secured with a string (). The ''nakayui'' is tied about one-third of the length of the exposed bamboo from the tip . This holds the slats together and also marks the proper ''kendo'' striking portion of the ''shinai'', or . Inserted between the ends of the slats, under the ''saki-gawa'', is a
plastic Plastics are a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that use polymers as a main ingredient. Their plasticity makes it possible for plastics to be moulded, extruded or pressed into solid objects of various shapes. This adaptab ...
plug , and under the ''tsuka-gawa'' there is a small square of metal , that holds the slats in place. A hand-guard is then fitted on the ''tsuka-gawa'' before it ends and the bamboo slats show. This is held in place by a rubber ring .


Safety

The ''shinai'' is useful as a practice sword to simulate the weight and feel of a katana or ''bokken'' without injuring the user or the target. Upon impact the bundled slats dissipate the force of the strike by flexing/bending along the length of the blade, and expanding slightly, along its cross-sectional area (stress = force/unit area). As a result of this lack of rigidity, along with the relative innocuous nature of bamboo vs razor-sharp steel, the impacted area is less damaged and may experience only bruising, rather than life-threatening deep cuts or puncture wounds, even with strong and forceful strikes.


Proper care

A ''shinai'' must be properly taken care of or it can pose a danger to both the user and the people around it. ''Shinai'' should be inspected for splinters and breaks before and after use, and maintained in a manner considered most appropriate by one's style, ''
dōjō A is a hall or place for immersive learning or meditation. This is traditionally in the field of martial arts, but has been seen increasingly in other fields, such as meditation and software development. The term literally means "place of the ...
'', or ''
sensei Sensei, Seonsaeng, Tiên sinh or Xiansheng, corresponding to Chinese characters , is an East Asian honorific term shared in Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and Chinese; it is literally translated as "person born before another" or "one who c ...
''. Many people believe that oiling and sanding a ''shinai'' prior to its first use, and then periodically during use, can greatly extend its life. However, some disagreement exists on what is considered proper ''shinai'' care. To properly inspect a ''shinai'', one first examines the area around the ''datotsu-bu'', inspecting all sides of the ''shinai'' for splinters. This is very important, as bamboo splinters can easily cause injury. The ''saki-gawa'' should be intact and the ''tsuru'' should be tight so that the ''saki-gawa'' does not slip off the end of the ''shinai'' during use. In addition, the ''nakayui'' should be tight enough as not to rotate easily. When not in use, ''shinai'' used in ''kendo'' practice should be either laid on the floor or leaned vertically against a wall. Some instructors require the base (''kashira'') of the handle (''tsuka'') on the floor and the tip (''kissaki'') leaning against the wall. In kendo, the ''shinai'' is treated in the same way as a edged or bladed weapon, like an actual metal sword, and competitors are trained to think of it as a dangerous instrument if mis-used. When a ''shinai'' is placed on the floor, it is considered poor etiquette to step over it.


Regulations

In ''kendo'' competitions that follow the FIK rules, there are regulated weights and lengths for the use of ''shinai''. ''Shinai'' are weighed complete with leather fittings, but without ''tsuba'' or ''tsuba-dome''. The full length is measured. Maximum diameter of the ''tsuba'' is 9cm. ''Shinai'' are weighed complete with leather fittings, but without ''tsuba'' or ''tsuba-dome''. The full length is measured. Maximum diameter of the ''tsuba'' is 9cm.


Fukuro-shinai

The ancestor of the modern kendo ''shinai'' is the , which is still in use in koryū kenjutsu. This is a length of bamboo, split multiple times on one end, and covered by a leather sleeve. This explains the name ''fukuro'', which means bag, sack or pouch. Sometimes the older and rarer kanji tō (韜) is used, but has the same meaning as fukuro. Some schools cover the entire bamboo in the sleeve and add a ''tsuba'', like
Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū , often referred to simply as Jikishinkage-ryū or Kashima Shinden, is a traditional school ('' koryū'') of the Japanese martial art of swordsmanship ('' kenjutsu''). The school was founded in the mid-16th century, based upon older styles of sw ...
does. In
Shinkage-ryū ' meaning "new shadow school", is a traditional school ('' koryu'') of Japanese martial arts, founded by Kamiizumi Ise-no-Kami Fujiwara-no-Hidetsuna, later Kamiizumi Ise-no-Kami Nobutsuna Friday, Karl ''Legacies of the sword'', page 24. Univer ...
, the sleeve is
lacquered Lacquer is a type of hard and usually shiny coating or finish applied to materials such as wood or metal. It is most often made from resin extracted from trees and waxes and has been in use since antiquity. Asian lacquerware, which may be ca ...
Kamakura Red, and rather than covering the entire length, is tied off at the non-split end. This particular kind of ''fukuro-shinai'' is also called a , or toad-skin ''shinai''. The name comes from how the leather looks after lacquering; the sleeves are actually made of cow or horse-hide.


Other uses

''Shinai'' are commonly used as a
prop A prop, formally known as (theatrical) property, is an object used on stage or screen by actors during a performance or screen production. In practical terms, a prop is considered to be anything movable or portable on a stage or a set, distinc ...
in
professional wrestling Professional wrestling is a form of theater that revolves around staged wrestling matches. The mock combat is performed in a ring similar to the kind used in boxing, and the dramatic aspects of pro wrestling may be performed both in the ring o ...
, where they are often referred to as ''kendo sticks'' or ''Singapore canes''. Wrestlers are typically struck across the back, stomach, legs and arms, though some are struck in the head or face, sometimes depending upon the wrestling promotion where the match is taking place.


See also

*
Bokken A ''bokken'' (, , "wood", and ''ken'', "sword") (or a ''bokutō'' ) is a Japanese wooden sword used for training in kenjutsu. It is usually the size and shape of a ''katana'', but is sometimes shaped like other swords, such as the ''wakizashi'' ...
*
Kendo is a modern Japanese martial art, descended from kenjutsu (one of the old Japanese martial arts, swordsmanship), that uses bamboo swords (shinai) as well as protective armor (bōgu). Today, it is widely practiced within Japan and has spread ...
*
Waster In martial arts, a waster is a practice weapon, usually a sword, and usually made out of wood, though nylon (plastic) wasters are also available. Nylon being much safer than wood, due to it having an adequate amount of flex for thrusts to be ge ...


References


External links

* {{Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment Bamboo weapons Practice swords of Japan Samurai weapons and equipment