Shilin (Stone Forest)

The Stone Forest or Shilin () is a notable set of limestone formations about 500 km² located in Shilin Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China, near Shilin approximately from the provincial capital Kunming.

The tall rocks seem to arise from the ground in a manner somewhat reminiscent of stalagmites, or with many looking like petrified trees, thereby creating the illusion of a forest made of stone. Since 2007, two parts of the site, the Naigu Stone Forest () and Suogeyi Village (), have been UNESCO World Heritage Sites as part of the South China Karst. The site is classified as a AAAAA-class tourist site.

Features

Shilin National Scenic Area () covers an area of and is divided into seven scenic areas as follows:
* Greater & Lesser Stone Forests () - also known as the Lizijing Stone Forest ()
* Naigu Stone Forest ()
* Zhiyun Cave ()
* Lake Chang (长湖 literally ''Long Lake'')
* Lake Yue (月湖 literally ''Moon Lake'')
* Dadieshui Waterfall ()
* Qifeng Cave ()

These formations, caused by the weathering of limestone, are believed to be over 270 million years old and are a tourist attraction for both overseas and domestic tourists, with bus tours bringing tourists from Kunming. There are also a number of hotels in the area.

Culture

According to legend, the forest is the birthplace of Ashima (), a beautiful girl of the Yi people. After falling in love she was forbidden to marry her chosen suitor and instead turned into a stone in the forest that still bears her name.
Each year on the 24th day of the sixth lunar month, many Yi people celebrate the Torch Festival (火把节 ''Huǒbă Jié''), which features folk dances and wrestling competitions.

Geology

The Stone Forest area was a shallow sea some 270 million years ago. Extensive deposits of sandstone overlain by limestone accumulated in this basin during the Permian period of geologic time. Uplift of this region occurred subsequent to deposition. Later, exposure to wind and running water shaped these limestone pillars. These formations extend as far as the eye can see, looking like a vast forest of stone, hence the name "The Stone Forest". The Major and Minor Stone Forests are developed in the nearly pure limestone of the Permian Makou Formation. The Naigu Stone Forest, 9 km northeast of the Major Stone Forest, is developed in dolomite and dolomitic limestone of the Permian Qixia Formation. Both formations are of Lower Permian age. They aggregate 505m in thickness and consist of shallow water (platform) massive limestone and dolomite, bio-clastic limestone, calcarenite and calcilutite. The Maokou Formation at Stone Forest appears to have been heavily altered diagenetically, and macroscopic fossil remains are seldom seen. Under the microscope, single whole or fractured fusulinid foraminifera are seen, commonly in biomicrite, biopelmicrite to biopelmicrosparite limestones. At least one zone of chert nodules occurs in the limestone, Unlike in the dolomitic Qixia Formation, dolomite in the Maokou Formation seldom ranges above 3%.

The strata are part of a gentle (2-6 degrees) westward dipping monocline. Conjugate shear joints (NE-SW and NE-SE) are well developed and these fractures provided the main passageways for surface water and underground water in the pre-karst development stage. The distribution, density and orientation of the fractures controlled the depth, size and orientation of the karst topography. Sandstones and shales of the Liangshan Formation that lies below the carbonate rock formations serve as a permeability barrier and force the local groundwater to flow from west to east.

Flora

The Shilin Karst area has the following types of forests and plant communities.UNESCO: South China Karst
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*Evergreen broad-leaved forest: '' Cyclobanopsis glancoides'', ''Cyclobalanopsis delavayi'', and ''Castanopsis delavayi''
*Sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forests: ''Quercus cocciferoides'' and ''Quercus franchetii''
*Deciduous broad-leaved and subtropical needle-leaved forests: '' Pinus yunnanensis''
*Lake vegetation: ''Ottelia acuminata''

Other plant species

*Sino-Himalayan subregion species: ''Colquhounia'', ''Corallodiscus'', ''Docynia'', '' Lysiontus'', ''Physospermopsis'', ''Prinsepia'', ''Sinocrassula'', ''Siphonostegia''
*Sino-Japan forest subrealm species: ''Akebia'', ''Conandron'', ''Sinomenium'', '' Platycladus''
*East Asian Realm species: ''Ainsliaea'', '' Bletilla'', ''Codonopsis'', '' Dendrobenthamia'', '' Eriobotrya'', ''Leptodermis'', '' Lycoris'', ''Ophiopogon'', ''Patrinia'', ''Reineckea''

See also

* Earth forest
* Pobiti Kamani
* Penitente (snow formation)
* Petrified Forest
* South China Karst
* Tsingy
* Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park (Madagascar)
* Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve (Madagascar)
* Xingwen County
* Xingwen World Geological Park (nicknamed 'Stone sea')

References

Further reading

A virtual field trip to the stone forest
Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
* Zhang, S. (1997). Stone forest in China and pinnacle karst in Madagascar. In: Song, L. ''et al.'' (eds.) Stone Forest, a Treasure of Natural Heritage. China Environmental Science Press (see pp. 78–80), Beijing.


How do stone forests get their spikes?

External links

* ttp://www.travelchinayunnan.com/yunnan/kunming/attraction/Stone_Forest.htm Travelchinayunnan.com: Shilin Stone Forest Geopark webpage

{{coord, 24, 49, 31, N, 103, 19, 25, E, type:landmark_region:CN, display=title

Karst formations of China
Geography of Kunming
Geoparks in China
Geology of Yunnan
Global Geoparks Network members
AAAAA-rated tourist attractions
Tourist attractions in Yunnan
Yi people
Karst formations of Yunnan
First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites