Sheaf Of Modules

In mathematics, a sheaf of ''O''-modules or simply an ''O''-module over a ringed space (''X'', ''O'') is a sheaf ''F'' such that, for any open subset ''U'' of ''X'', ''F''(''U'') is an ''O''(''U'')-module and the restriction maps ''F''(''U'') → ''F''(''V'') are compatible with the restriction maps ''O''(''U'') → ''O''(''V''): the restriction of ''fs'' is the restriction of ''f'' times that of ''s'' for any ''f'' in ''O''(''U'') and ''s'' in ''F''(''U'').

The standard case is when ''X'' is a scheme and ''O'' its structure sheaf. If ''O'' is the constant sheaf $\underline$, then a sheaf of ''O''-modules is the same as a sheaf of abelian groups (i.e., an abelian sheaf).

If ''X'' is the prime spectrum of a ring ''R'', then any ''R''-module defines an ''O''_''X''-module (called an associated sheaf) in a natural way. Similarly, if ''R'' is a graded ring and ''X'' is the Proj construction, Proj of ''R'', then any graded module defines an ''O''_''X''-module in a natural way. ''O''-modules arising in such a fashion are examples of quasi-coherent sheaves, and in fact, on affine or projective schemes, all quasi-coherent sheaves are obtained this way.

Sheaves of modules over a ringed space form an abelian category. Moreover, this category has enough injectives, and consequently one can and does define the sheaf cohomology $\operatorname^i(X, -)$ as the ''i''-th right derived functor of the global section functor $\Gamma(X, -)$.

Definition

Examples

*Given a ringed space (''X'', ''O''), if ''F'' is an ''O''-submodule of ''O'', then it is called the sheaf of ideals or ideal sheaf of ''O'', since for each open subset ''U'' of ''X'', ''F''(''U'') is an ideal (ring theory), ideal of the ring ''O''(''U'').
*Let ''X'' be a smooth variety of dimension ''n''. Then the tangent sheaf of ''X'' is the dual of the cotangent sheaf $\Omega_X$ and the canonical sheaf $\omega_X$ is the ''n''-th exterior power (determinant line bundle, determinant) of $\Omega_X$.
*A sheaf of algebras is a sheaf of module that is also a sheaf of rings.

Operations

Let (''X'', ''O'') be a ringed space. If ''F'' and ''G'' are ''O''-modules, then their tensor product, denoted by
:$F \otimes_O G$ or $F \otimes G$,
is the ''O''-module that is the sheaf associated to the presheaf $U \mapsto F(U) \otimes_ G(U).$ (To see that sheafification cannot be avoided, compute the global sections of $O(1) \otimes O(-1) = O$ where ''O''(1) is Serre's twisting sheaf on a projective space.)

Similarly, if ''F'' and ''G'' are ''O''-modules, then
:$\mathcalom_O(F, G)$
denotes the ''O''-module that is the sheaf $U \mapsto \operatorname_(F, _U, G, _U)$. In particular, the ''O''-module
:$\mathcalom_O(F, O)$
is called the dual module of ''F'' and is denoted by $\check F$. Note: for any ''O''-modules ''E'', ''F'', there is a canonical homomorphism
:$\check \otimes F \to \mathcalom_O(E, F)$,
which is an isomorphism if ''E'' is a locally free sheaf of finite rank. In particular, if ''L'' is locally free of rank one (such ''L'' is called an invertible sheaf or a line bundle), then this reads:
:$\check \otimes L \simeq O,$
implying the isomorphism classes of invertible sheaves form a group. This group is called the Picard group of ''X'' and is canonically identified with the first cohomology group $\operatorname^1(X, \mathcal^*)$ (by the standard argument with Čech cohomology).

If ''E'' is a locally free sheaf of finite rank, then there is an ''O''-linear map $\check \otimes E \simeq \operatorname_O(E) \to O$ given by the pairing; it is called the trace map of ''E''.

For any ''O''-module ''F'', the tensor algebra, exterior algebra and symmetric algebra of ''F'' are defined in the same way. For example, the ''k''-th exterior power
:$\bigwedge^k F$
is the sheaf associated to the presheaf $U \mapsto \bigwedge^k_ F(U)$. If ''F'' is locally free of rank ''n'', then $\bigwedge^n F$ is called the determinant line bundle (though technically invertible sheaf) of ''F'', denoted by det(''F''). There is a natural perfect pairing:
:$\bigwedge^r F \otimes \bigwedge^ F \to \det(F).$

Let ''f'': (''X'', ''O'') →(''X'', ''O'') be a morphism of ringed spaces. If ''F'' is an ''O''-module, then the direct image sheaf $f_* F$ is an ''O''-module through the natural map ''O'' →''f''_*''O'' (such a natural map is part of the data of a morphism of ringed spaces.)

If ''G'' is an ''O''-module, then the module inverse image $f^* G$ of ''G'' is the ''O''-module given as the tensor product of modules:
:$f^ G \otimes_ O$
where $f^ G$ is the inverse image sheaf of ''G'' and $f^ O' \to O$ is obtained from $O' \to f_* O$ by adjoint functor, adjuction.

There is an adjoint relation between $f_*$ and $f^*$: for any ''O''-module ''F'' and ''O'''-module ''G'',
:$\operatorname_(f^* G, F) \simeq \operatorname_(G, f_*F)$
as abelian group. There is also the projection formula: for an ''O''-module ''F'' and a locally free ''O'''-module ''E'' of finite rank,
:$f_*(F \otimes f^*E) \simeq f_* F \otimes E.$

Properties

Let (''X'', ''O'') be a ringed space. An ''O''-module ''F'' is said to be generated by global sections if there is a surjection of ''O''-modules:
:$\bigoplus_ O \to F \to 0.$
Explicitly, this means that there are global sections ''s''_''i'' of ''F'' such that the images of ''s''_''i'' in each stalk ''F''_''x'' generates ''F''_''x'' as ''O''_''x''-module.

An example of such a sheaf is that associated in algebraic geometry to an ''R''-module ''M'', ''R'' being any commutative ring, on the spectrum of a ring ''Spec''(''R'').
Another example: according to Cartan's theorem A, any coherent sheaf on a Stein manifold is spanned by global sections. (cf. Serre's theorem A below.) In the theory of scheme (mathematics), schemes, a related notion is ample line bundle. (For example, if ''L'' is an ample line bundle, some power of it is generated by global sections.)

An injective ''O''-module is flasque sheaf, flasque (i.e., all restrictions maps ''F''(''U'') → ''F''(''V'') are surjective.) Since a flasque sheaf is acyclic in the category of abelian sheaves, this implies that the ''i''-th right derived functor of the global section functor $\Gamma(X, -)$ in the category of ''O''-modules coincides with the usual ''i''-th sheaf cohomology in the category of abelian sheaves.

Sheaf associated to a module

Let $M$ be a module over a ring $A$. Put $X=\operatorname(A)$ and write $D(f) = \ = \operatorname(A[f^])$. For each pair $D(f) \subseteq D(g)$, by the universal property of localization, there is a natural map
:$\rho_: M[g^] \to M[f^]$
having the property that $\rho_ = \rho_ \circ \rho_$. Then
:$D(f) \mapsto M[f^]$
is a contravariant functor from the category whose objects are the sets ''D''(''f'') and morphisms the inclusions of sets to the category of abelian groups. One can show it is in fact a B-sheaf (i.e., it satisfies the gluing axiom) and thus defines the sheaf $\widetilde$ on ''X'' called the sheaf associated to ''M''.

The most basic example is the structure sheaf on ''X''; i.e., $\mathcal_X = \widetilde$. Moreover, $\widetilde$ has the structure of $\mathcal_X = \widetilde$-module and thus one gets the exact functor $M \mapsto \widetilde$ from Mod_''A'', the category of modules over ''A'' to the category of modules over $\mathcal_X$. It defines an equivalence from Mod_''A'' to the category of quasi-coherent sheaves on ''X'', with the inverse $\Gamma(X, -)$, the global section functor. When ''X'' is Noetherian scheme, Noetherian, the functor is an equivalence from the category of finitely generated ''A''-modules to the category of coherent sheaves on ''X''.

The construction has the following properties: for any ''A''-modules ''M'', ''N'',
*$M[f^]^ = \widetilde, _$.
*For any prime ideal ''p'' of ''A'', $\widetilde_p \simeq M_p$ as ''O''_''p'' = ''A''_''p''-module.
*$(M \otimes_A N)^ \simeq \widetilde \otimes_ \widetilde$.
*If ''M'' is finitely presented module, finitely presented, $\operatorname_A(M, N)^ \simeq \mathcalom_(\widetilde, \widetilde)$.
*$\operatorname_A(M, N) \simeq \Gamma(X, \mathcalom_(\widetilde, \widetilde))$, since the equivalence between Mod_''A'' and the category of quasi-coherent sheaves on ''X''.
*$(\varinjlim M_i)^ \simeq \varinjlim \widetilde$; in particular, taking a direct sum and ~ commute.

Sheaf associated to a graded module

There is a graded analog of the construction and equivalence in the preceding section. Let ''R'' be a graded ring generated by degree-one elements as ''R''₀-algebra (''R''₀ means the degree-zero piece) and ''M'' a graded ''R''-module. Let ''X'' be the Proj construction, Proj of ''R'' (so ''X'' is a projective scheme if ''R'' is Noetherian). Then there is an ''O''-module $\widetilde$ such that for any homogeneous element ''f'' of positive degree of ''R'', there is a natural isomorphism
:$\widetilde, _ \simeq (M[f^]_0)^$
as sheaves of modules on the affine scheme $\ = \operatorname(R[f^]_0)$; in fact, this defines $\widetilde$ by gluing.

Example: Let ''R''(1) be the graded ''R''-module given by ''R''(1)_''n'' = ''R''_''n''+1. Then $O(1) = \widetilde$ is called Serre's twisting sheaf, which is the dual of the tautological line bundle if ''R'' is finitely generated in degree-one.

If ''F'' is an ''O''-module on ''X'', then, writing $F(n) = F \otimes O(n)$, there is a canonical homomorphism:
:$\left(\bigoplus_ \Gamma(X, F(n))\right)^ \to F,$,
which is an isomorphism if and only if ''F'' is quasi-coherent.

Computing sheaf cohomology

Sheaf cohomology has a reputation for being difficult to calculate. Because of this, the next general fact is fundamental for any practical computation:

Serre's theorem A states that if ''X'' is a projective variety and ''F'' a coherent sheaf on it, then, for sufficiently large ''n'', ''F''(''n'') is generated by finitely many global sections. Moreover,

1. For each ''i'', H^''i''(''X'', ''F'') is finitely generated over ''R''₀, and


2. (Serre's theorem B) There is an integer ''n''₀, depending on ''F'', such that
   $\operatorname^i(X, F(n)) = 0, \, i \ge 1, n \ge n_0.$

Sheaf extension

Let (''X'', ''O'') be a ringed space, and let ''F'', ''H'' be sheaves of ''O''-modules on ''X''. An extension of ''H'' by ''F'' is a short exact sequence of ''O''-modules
:$0 \rightarrow F \rightarrow G \rightarrow H \rightarrow 0.$

As with group extensions, if we fix ''F'' and ''H'', then all equivalence classes of extensions of ''H'' by ''F'' form an abelian group (cf. Baer sum), which is isomorphic to the Ext functor, Ext group $\operatorname_O^1(H,F)$, where the identity element in $\operatorname_O^1(H,F)$ corresponds to the trivial extension.

In the case where ''H'' is ''O'', we have: for any ''i'' ≥ 0,
:$\operatorname^i(X, F) = \operatorname_O^i(O,F),$
since both the sides are the right derived functors of the same functor $\Gamma(X, -) = \operatorname_O(O, -).$

Note: Some authors, notably Hartshorne, drop the subscript ''O''.

Assume ''X'' is a projective scheme over a Noetherian ring. Let ''F'', ''G'' be coherent sheaves on ''X'' and ''i'' an integer. Then there exists ''n''₀ such that
:$\operatorname_O^i(F, G(n)) = \Gamma(X, \mathcalxt_O^i(F, G(n))), \, n \ge n_0$.

Locally free resolutions

$\mathcal(\mathcal,\mathcal)$ can be readily computed for any coherent sheaf $\mathcal$ using a locally free resolution: given a complex
:$\cdots \to \mathcal_2 \to \mathcal_1 \to \mathcal_0 \to \mathcal \to 0$
then
:$\mathcal(\mathcal,\mathcal) = \mathcal(\mathcal_\bullet,\mathcal)$
hence
:$\mathcal^k(\mathcal,\mathcal) = h^k(\mathcal(\mathcal_\bullet,\mathcal))$

Examples

Hypersurface

Consider a smooth hypersurface $X$ of degree $d$. Then, we can compute a resolution
:$\mathcal(-d) \to \mathcal$
and find that
:$\mathcal^i(\mathcal_X,\mathcal) = h^i(\mathcal(\mathcal(-d) \to \mathcal, \mathcal))$

Union of smooth complete intersections

Consider the scheme
:$X = \text\left( \frac \right) \subseteq \mathbb^n$
where $(f,g_1,g_2,g_3)$ is a smooth complete intersection and $\deg(f) = d$, $\deg(g_i) = e_i$. We have a complex
:$\mathcal(-d-e_1-e_2-e_3) \xrightarrow \begin \mathcal(-d-e_1-e_2) \\ \oplus \\ \mathcal(-d-e_1-e_3) \\ \oplus \\ \mathcal(-d-e_2-e_3) \end \xrightarrow \begin \mathcal(-d-e_1) \\ \oplus \\ \mathcal(-d-e_2) \\ \oplus \\ \mathcal(-d-e_3) \end \xrightarrow \mathcal$
resolving $\mathcal_X,$ which we can use to compute $\mathcal^i(\mathcal_X,\mathcal)$.

See also

*D-module (in place of ''O'', one can also consider ''D'', the sheaf of differential operators.)
*fractional ideal
*holomorphic vector bundle
*generic freeness

Notes

References

*
*{{Hartshorne AG

Sheaf theory