Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi
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Aḥmad al-Fārūqī as-Sirhindī (1564-1624) was a South Asian
Islamic scholar In Islam, the ''ulama'' (; ar, علماء ', singular ', "scholar", literally "the learned ones", also spelled ''ulema''; feminine: ''alimah'' ingularand ''aalimath'' lural are the guardians, transmitters, and interpreters of reli ...
from
Punjab Punjab (; Punjabi: پنجاب ; ਪੰਜਾਬ ; ; also romanised as ''Panjāb'' or ''Panj-Āb'') is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising ...
,
Hanafi The Hanafi school ( ar, حَنَفِية, translit=Ḥanafiyah; also called Hanafite in English), Hanafism, or the Hanafi fiqh, is the oldest and one of the four traditional major Sunni schools ( maddhab) of Islamic Law (Fiqh). It is named aft ...
jurist, and member of the Naqshbandī
Sufi Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, ...
order. He has been described by some followers as a Mujaddid, meaning a “reviver", for his work in rejuvenating Islam and opposing the newly made religion of
Din-i Ilahi The Dīn-i-Ilāhī ( fa, , ), known during its time as Tawḥīd-i-Ilāhī ("Divine Monotheism", ) or Divine Faith, was a new syncretic religion or spiritual leadership program propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582, intending to merge ...
and other problematic opinions of
Mughal Mughal or Moghul may refer to: Related to the Mughal Empire * Mughal Empire of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries * Mughal dynasty * Mughal emperors * Mughal people, a social group of Central and South Asia * Mughal architecture * Mug ...
emperor
Akbar Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (25 October 1542 – 27 October 1605), popularly known as Akbar the Great ( fa, ), and also as Akbar I (), was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Hum ...
.Glasse, Cyril, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', Altamira Press, 2001, p.432 While early South Asian scholarship credited him for contributing to conservative trends in Indian Islam, more recent works, notably by ter Haar, Friedman, and Buehler, have pointed to Sirhindi's significant contributions to Sufi epistemology and practices. Most of the Naqshbandī suborders today, such as the Muḥammadī, Haqqānī, Qāsimī, trace their spiritual lineage through Sirhindi as the ''Mujaddidī'' branch. Sirhindi's shrine, known as Rauza Sharif, is located in
Sirhind Sirhind-Fategarh is a town and a municipal council in the Fatehgarh Sahib district in the Indian state of Punjab. Demographics In the 2011 census Sirhind-Fatehgarh had a population of 60852. Males constituted 54% of the population and female ...
,
Punjab, India Punjab (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in northern India. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, the state is bordered by the States and union territories of India, Indian states of Himachal ...
.


Early life and education

Ahmad Sirhindi was born on 26 May 1564 in the village of
Sirhind Sirhind-Fategarh is a town and a municipal council in the Fatehgarh Sahib district in the Indian state of Punjab. Demographics In the 2011 census Sirhind-Fatehgarh had a population of 60852. Males constituted 54% of the population and female ...
,
Punjab Punjab (; Punjabi: پنجاب ; ਪੰਜਾਬ ; ; also romanised as ''Panjāb'' or ''Panj-Āb'') is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising ...
. He received most of his early education from his father, 'Abd al-Ahad, his brother, Muhammad Sadiq and from Muhammad Tahir al-Lahuri. He also memorised the Qur'an. He then studied in Sialkot, which had become an intellectual centre under the
Kashmir Kashmir () is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. Today, the term encompas ...
-born scholar Kamaluddin Kashmiri. There he learned
logic Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths. It is a formal science investigating how conclusions follow from premises ...
,
philosophy and theology ''Philosophy and Theology'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes articles and reviews exploring connections between philosophy and theology. It was established in 1986 by Andrew Tallon at Marquette University and is the journal of t ...
and read advanced texts of
tafsir Tafsir ( ar, تفسير, tafsīr ) refers to exegesis, usually of the Quran. An author of a ''tafsir'' is a ' ( ar, مُفسّر; plural: ar, مفسّرون, mufassirūn). A Quranic ''tafsir'' attempts to provide elucidation, explanation, in ...
and
hadith Ḥadīth ( or ; ar, حديث, , , , , , , literally "talk" or "discourse") or Athar ( ar, أثر, , literally "remnant"/"effect") refers to what the majority of Muslims believe to be a record of the words, actions, and the silent approval ...
under another scholar from
Kashmir Kashmir () is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. Today, the term encompas ...
, Yaqub Sarfi Kashmiri (1521-1595), who was a sheikh of the tariqa Hamadaniyya Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani Sufi Order. Qazi Bahlol Badakhshani taught him
jurisprudence Jurisprudence, or legal theory, is the theoretical study of the propriety of law. Scholars of jurisprudence seek to explain the nature of law in its most general form and they also seek to achieve a deeper understanding of legal reasoning a ...
, prophet Muhammad's biography and
history History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the History of writing#Inventions of writing, invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbr ...
. Sirhindi also made rapid progress in the Suhrawardī, the Qadirī, and the Chistī traditions, and was given permission to initiate and train followers at the age of 17. He eventually joined the Naqshbandī order through the Sufi missionary
Khwaja Baqi Billah Khwaja Baqi Billah ( fa, ), born as Muhammad Baqi (14 July 1564– 29 November 1603), was a Sufi saint from Kabul. He was disciple of Khawaja Muhammad Amkanagi. Birth Baqi Billah was the originator and pioneer of the Naqshbandi Order in the ...
, and became a leading master of this order. His deputies traversed the
Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the d ...
in order to popularize the order and eventually won favour with the Mughal court.


Views

Ahmad Sirhindi's teaching emphasized the inter-dependence of both the
Sufi Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, ...
path and
sharia Sharia (; ar, شريعة, sharīʿa ) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the H ...
, stating that "what is outside the path shown by the prophet is forbidden." Arthur Buehler explains that Sirhindi's concept of shariah is a multivalent and inclusive term encompassing outward acts of worship, faith, and the Sufi path. Sirhindi emphasizes Sufi initiation and practices as a necessary part of shariah, and criticizes jurists who follow only the outward aspects of the sharia. In his criticism of the superficial jurists, he states: "For a worm hidden under a rock, the sky is the bottom of the rock." Sirhindi also wrote a treatise under the title "''Radd-e-Rawafiz''" to justify the execution of Shia nobles by
Abdullah Khan Uzbek Abdullah may refer to: * Abdullah (name), a list of people with the given name or surname * Abdullah, Kargı, Turkey, a village * ''Abdullah'' (film), a 1980 Bollywood film directed by Sanjay Khan * '' Abdullah: The Final Witness'', a 2015 Pakis ...
in Mashhad. In this he argues:
"Since the Shia permit cursing Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and one of the chaste wives (of the Prophet), which in itself constitutes infidelity, it is incumbent upon the Muslim ruler, nay upon all people, in compliance with the command of the Omniscient King (Allah), to kill them and to oppress them in order to elevate the true religion. It is permissible to destroy their buildings and to seize their property and belongings."
He has expressed his hate towards Shias in his letters too. According to him, the worst distorters of faith "are those who bear malice against the companions of Prophet Muhammad. God has called them Kafirs in the Quran". In a letter to his discple Sheikh Farid, the Mir Bakhshi of the Mughal empire, he said that showing respect to the distorters of faith ( ''ahl-e-Bidʻah'') amounted to destruction of Islam. In his Makutbat letter 193 he is said to have stated "The execution of the accursed Kafir of Goindwal (Guru Arjan Dev Ji) at this time is a very good achievement indeed and has become the cause of a great defeat of the hateful Hindus."
Jahangir writes in his Tuzuk that he had the Guru put to death and had his property confiscated. Mujaddid-i-Alf Thani Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi (1564-1624), as a hard-line supporter of Islamic orthodoxy and a highly influential religious revivalist, had opposed Akbar’s policy of religious tolerance. He had concerns about the spread of Sikhism in Punjab. So he cheered on the murder of the Guru, thus giving it a religious rather than political colour.


Importance of Sufism in Shari’ah

According to Simon Digby, "modern hagiographical literature emphasizes Sirhindi's reiterated profession of strict Islamic orthodoxy, his exaltation of the
shariah Sharia (; ar, شريعة, sharīʿa ) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the H ...
and exhortations towards its observance."Review by Simon Digby of Yohanan Friedmann ''Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: an outline of his thought and a study of his image in the eyes of posterity'', McGill-Queen's University Press, 1971
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 38, No. 1 (1975), pp. 177-179
On the other hand, Yohanan Friedmann questions how committed Sirhindi was to shariah by commenting: "it is noteworthy that while Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi never wearies of describing the minutest details of Sufi experience, his exhortations to comply with the shariah remain general to an extreme." Friedmann also claims "Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi was primarily a Sufi interested first and foremost in questions of mysticism." Sirhindi wrote a letter to Mughal emperor Jehangir emphasizing that he is now correcting the wrong path taken by his father, emperor
Akbar Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (25 October 1542 – 27 October 1605), popularly known as Akbar the Great ( fa, ), and also as Akbar I (), was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Hum ...
.


Oneness of appearance and oneness of being

Ahmad Sirhindi advanced the notion of ''wahdat ash-shuhūd'' (oneness of appearance). According to this doctrine, the experience of unity between God and creation is purely subjective and occurs only in the mind of the Sufi who has reached the state of '' fana' fi Allah'' (to forget about everything except Almighty Allah). Sirhindi considered ''wahdat ash-shuhūd'' to be superior to ''wahdat al-wujūd'' (oneness of being), which he understood to be a preliminary step on the way to the Absolute Truth. Despite this, Sirhindi still used Ibn al-'Arabi's vocabulary without hesitation. Sirhindi writes:
I wonder that Shaykh Muhyī 'l-Dīn appears in vision to be one of those with whom God is pleased, while most of his ideas which differ from the doctrines of the People of truth appear to be wrong and mistaken. It seems that since they are due to error in ''kashf'', he has been forgiven... I consider him as one of those with whom God is well-pleased; on the other hand, I believe that all his ideas in which he opposes (the people of truth) are wrong and harmful.
On the other hand,
William C. Chittick William C. Chittick (born 29 June 1943) is an American philosopher, writer, translator and interpreter of classical Islamic philosophical and mystical texts. He is best known for his work on Rumi and Ibn 'Arabi, and has written extensively on th ...
, a prominent Ibn 'Arabi scholar, writes:
When Sirhindī explains the meaning of waḥdat al-wujūd, he demonstrates little acquaintance with the writings of Ibn ʿArabī or his major followers. By insisting that it was an inadequate expression of the nature of things and that it needed to be supplanted by waḥdat al-shuhūd, he was taking for granted that it was the teaching of Ibn ʿArabī and that wujūd was being used in the philosophical sense. He seemed not to recognize that Ibn ʿArabī used it to mean “finding” and “witnessing” as well as “being” and “existence.” So, at least partly because Sirhindī was oblivious to the meaning of wujūd as finding and perceiving, he felt it necessary to insist that seeing God in all things goes back to the viewer. The unity achieved on the path to God, he claimed, is that of shuhūd, not that of wujūd. But, for Ibn ʿArabī and many of his followers these two words meant the same thing. So Sirhindī not only ascribes a doctrine to Ibn ʿArabī that he does not profess—waḥdat al-wujūd—but he also understands wujūd in a way that is not compatible with Ibn ʿArabī’s use of the word.


Reality of the Quran and Ka'ba versus the reality of Muhammad

Sirhindi had originally declared the reality of the Quran ''(haqiqat-i quran'') and the reality of the Ka'ba (''haqiqat-i ka'ba-yi rabbani'') to be above the reality of Muhammad (''haqiqat-i Muhammadi''). This caused fury of opposition, particularly among certain Sufis and ulama of Hijaz who objected to the Ka'ba having exalted spiritual "rank" than the Prophet. Sirhindi argued in response that the reality of the Prophet is superior to any creature. The real Ka'ba is worthy of prostration since it is not created and is covered with the veil of nonexistence. It is this Ka'ba in the essence of God that Sirhindi was referring to as the reality of the Ka'ba, not the appearance of the Ka'ba (''surat-i ka'ba''), which is only a stone. By the latter part of the nineteenth century, the consensus of the Naqshbandi community had placed the prophetic realities closer to God than the divine realities. The rationale for this development may have been to neutralize unnecessary discord with the large Muslim community whose emotional attachment to Muhammad was greater than any understanding of philosophical fine points.


Sufi lineage


Naqshbandi chain

Naqshbandi The Naqshbandi ( fa, نقشبندی)), Neqshebendi ( ku, نه‌قشه‌به‌ندی), and Nakşibendi (in Turkish) is a major Sunni order of Sufism. Its name is derived from Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari. Naqshbandi masters trace their ...
Sufis claim that Ahmad Sirhindi is descended from a long line of "spiritual masters" all the way up to
prophet In religion, a prophet or prophetess is an individual who is regarded as being in contact with a divine being and is said to speak on behalf of that being, serving as an intermediary with humanity by delivering messages or teachings from the s ...
Muhammad Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد;  570 – 8 June 632 Common Era, CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Muhammad in Islam, Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet Divine inspiration, di ...
. #
Muhammad Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد;  570 – 8 June 632 Common Era, CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Muhammad in Islam, Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet Divine inspiration, di ...
, d. 11 AH, buried in
Medina Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (, , Turkish: Medine-i Münevvere) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (, ), is the Holiest sites in Islam, second-holiest city in Islam, ...
, Saudi Arabia (570/571–632 CE) #
Abu Bakar Siddique Abu Bakr Abdallah ibn Uthman Abi Quhafa (; – 23 August 634) was the senior companion and was, through his daughter Aisha, a father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as the first caliph of Islam. He is known with the honorif ...
, d. 13 AH, buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia # Salman al-Farsi, d. 35 AH, buried in Madaa'in,
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in Western Asia. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and has a land area of about , making it the fifth-largest country in Asia, the second-largest in the A ...
#
Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr Al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr ( ar, قاسم بن محمد) (born 36 or 38 AH and died 106 AH or 108 AH; corresponding to 660/662 and 728/730) The Four Imams by Muhammad Abu Zahrahchapter on Imam Malik was a jurist in early Isla ...
, d. 107 AH, buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia. #
Jafar Sadiq Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ṣādiq ( ar, جعفر بن محمد الصادق; 702 – 765 Common Era, CE), commonly known as Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq (), was an 8th-century Shia Islam, Shia Ulama, Muslim scholar, Faqīh, jurist, and ...
, d. 148 AH, buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia. #
Bayazid Bastami Abū Yazīd Ṭayfūr bin ʿĪsā bin Surūshān al-Bisṭāmī (al-Basṭāmī) (d. 261/874–5 or 234/848–9), commonly known in the Iranian world as Bāyazīd Bisṭāmī ( fa, بایزید بسطامی), was a PersianWalbridge, John. "S ...
, d. 261 AH, buried in Bastaam,
Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
(804 - 874 CE). #
Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani Abu 'l-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad (or ibn Jaʻfar) ibn Salmān al-Kharaqāni ( fa, شیخ ابوالحسن خرقانی) is one of the master Sufis of Islam. He was born in 963 (352 Hijri year) from PersianS.H. Nasr, "Iran" in History of Humanity: From t ...
, d. 425 AH, buried Kharqaan, Iran. #
Abul Qasim Gurgani Shaykh Abul Qasim Gurgani (990/380–1058/450 AH) (Persian:ابو القاسم گرگانی) was an Iranian Sufi of Kubruwia Sufi tariqah as well as other Sufi orders. Shaykh Gurgani authored a book titled "Fusūl al-Tarīqah wa Fusūl al-Haq ...
, d. 450 AH, buried in Gurgan, Iran. # Abu ali Farmadi, d. 477 AH, buried in Tous, Khorasan, Iran. # Abu Yaqub
Yusuf Hamadani Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf al-Hamadānī, best simply known as Yusuf Hamadani (born 1048 or 1049 / 440 AH - died 1140 / 535 AH), was a Persians, Persian figure of the Middle Ages. He was the first of the group of Central Asian Sufi teachers known simpl ...
, d. 535 AH, buried in Maru, Khorosan, Iran. # Abdul Khaliq Ghujdawani, d. 575 AH, buried in Ghajdawan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan. #
Arif Riwgari Khwaja Muhammad Arif Riwgari is the first of the group of Central Asian Sufi teachers known simply as ''Khwajagan'' (the Masters) of the Naqshbandi order. His shrine is at Riwgar, or now is known as Shofirkon, about 45 km North of Bukhara, i ...
, d. 616 AH, buried in Reogar, Bukhara, Uzbekistan. #
Mahmood Anjir-Faghnawi Khwaja Mahmood al-Anjir al-Faghnawi founded Naqshbandi, one of the largest Sufi Muslim orders. Birth Mahmood Anjir Faghnawi was born in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. He was reported to have been from the lineage of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. He de ...
, d. 715 AH, buried in Waabakni, Mawarannahr, Uzbekistan. # Azizan
Ali Ramitani Sheikh Ali Ramitani (Urdu عزیزان شیخ علی الرامتانی ) was born in the Ramitan area around Bukhara Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, ; uz, Ozbekiston, italic=yes / , ; russian: Узбекистан), officially the Republic of Uzb ...
, d. 715 AH, buried in
Khwarezm Khwarazm (; Old Persian: ''Hwârazmiya''; fa, خوارزم, ''Xwârazm'' or ''Xârazm'') or Chorasmia () is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the ...
, Bukhara, Uzbekistan. #
Mohammad Baba As-Samasi Mohammad Baba as-Samasi (Urdu محمد بابا السماسی ) was a Sufi of the Naqshbandi order. He was born in Sammas, a village on the outskirts of Ramitan, from Bukhara, Uzbekistan. He made progress in his journey by understanding the ...
, d. 755 AH, buried in Samaas, Bukhara, Uzbekistan. #
Amir Kulal Amir Kulāl (1278–1370), fa, امیر کلال, ar, امیر کلال, birth name Shams ud-Dīn ( fa, شمس الدین, ar, شمس الدین), was a Persian Sufi Islamic scholar, widely considered to be one of the most influential in hist ...
, d. 772 AH, buried in Saukhaar, Bukhara, Uzbekistan. #
Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari Baha' al-Din Naqshband ( fa, بهاءالدین محمد نقشبند; 1318–1389) was the eponymous founder of what would become one of the largest Sufi Sunni orders, the Naqshbandi. Background Baha al-Din was born in March 1318 in the vill ...
, d. 791 AH, buried in Qasr-e-Aarifan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan (1318–1389 CE). #
Sayyid Alauddin Atar Khwaja Sayyid Mir Alauddin ibn Muhammad Attar, was a Sufi Saint from Bukhara and Qutb of the Naqshbandi Sufi order. He was a descendant of Muhammad and son in law of his master and predecessor Khwaja Bahauddin Naqshband. Biography Alau ...
Bukhari, buried in Jafaaniyan, Mawranahar, Uzbekistan. #
Yaqub al-Charkhi Yaqub al Charkhi (Persian یعقوب الچرخی) was a Naqshbandi Sheykh and student of Khwaja Sayyid Alauddin Atar. Yaqub Charkhi was born in 762, in a village called Charkh in Logar, Afghanistan AH and died in 851. He was a Sufi master an ...
, d. 851 AH, buried in Tajikistan #
Khwaja Ahrar Nassiruddin Ubaidullah Ahrar (1404-1490 AD) (in Persian: ناصرالدین عبیدالله احرار) more popularly known as Khwaja Ahrar (in Persian: خواجه احرار) was a Hanafi Maturidi member of the Golden Chain of the Naqshban ...
, d. 895 AH, buried in
Samarkand fa, سمرقند , native_name_lang = , settlement_type = City , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from the top:Registan square, Shah-i-Zinda necropolis, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, view inside Shah-i-Zinda, ...
, Uzbekistan. #
Muhammad Zahid Wakhshi Muhammad Zahid Wakhshi ( fa, ; 852-936 AH) was a Sufi of the Naqshbandī Sufi order. He lived in Vakhsh (or Vakash), a small town in present-day Tajikistan, about 100 km South of the capital Dushanbe. Naqshbandī The Sufi order from ...
, d. 936 AH, buried in Wakhsh, Malk Hasaar,
Tajikistan Tajikistan (, ; tg, Тоҷикистон, Tojikiston; russian: Таджикистан, Tadzhikistan), officially the Republic of Tajikistan ( tg, Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Jumhurii Tojikiston), is a landlocked country in Centr ...
#
Darwish Muhammad Khwaja Darwish Muhammad ( fa, ) (846-971 AH) famous Sufi of Naqshbandī Sufi order . He was the nephew of Khwaja Muhammad Zahid Wakhshi.Khwaja Darwish Muhammad died on 1562 AD in Kitab, Uzbekistan, 100 km from Samarkand in the Shakhrisab ...
, d. 970 AH, buried in
Samarkand fa, سمرقند , native_name_lang = , settlement_type = City , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from the top:Registan square, Shah-i-Zinda necropolis, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, view inside Shah-i-Zinda, ...
,
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, ; uz, Ozbekiston, italic=yes / , ; russian: Узбекистан), officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( uz, Ozbekiston Respublikasi, italic=yes / ; russian: Республика Узбекистан), is a doubly landlocked cou ...
#
Muhammad Amkanagi Khwaja Darwish Muhammad ( fa, ) (846-971 AH) famous Sufi of Naqshbandī Sufi order . He was the nephew of Khwaja Muhammad Zahid Wakhshi.Khwaja Darwish Muhammad died on 1562 AD in Kitab, Uzbekistan, 100 km from Samarkand in the Shakhrisab ...
, d. 1008 AH, buried in Akang,
Bukhara Bukhara (Uzbek language, Uzbek: /, ; tg, Бухоро, ) is the List of cities in Uzbekistan, seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan, with a population of 280,187 , and the capital of Bukhara Region. People have inhabited the region around Bukhara ...
,
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, ; uz, Ozbekiston, italic=yes / , ; russian: Узбекистан), officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( uz, Ozbekiston Respublikasi, italic=yes / ; russian: Республика Узбекистан), is a doubly landlocked cou ...
#
Khwaja Baqi Billah Khwaja Baqi Billah ( fa, ), born as Muhammad Baqi (14 July 1564– 29 November 1603), was a Sufi saint from Kabul. He was disciple of Khawaja Muhammad Amkanagi. Birth Baqi Billah was the originator and pioneer of the Naqshbandi Order in the ...
, d. 1012 AH, buried in
Delhi Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders w ...
,
India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
# Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī


See also

* Mujaddid * Ali Hujwiri


References


Further reading

* Dr. Burhan Ahmad Faruqi,
Mujaddid’s Conception of Tawhid
', 1940 * Shari'at and Ulama in Ahmad Sirhindi's ''Collected Letters'' by Arthur F. Buehler.


External links





(from the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi Order).
Translations of Imam Rabbani's Letters in various languages
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sirhindi, Ahmad 1564 births 1624 deaths 17th-century Indian Muslims Naqshbandi order Critics of atheism People from Fatehgarh Sahib Sunni Sufis Islamic philosophers Hanafi fiqh scholars Hanafis Maturidis Mujaddid Hashemite people Punjabi people Indian Sufi saints 16th-century jurists 17th-century jurists Critics of Ibn Arabi