Shangdu

Shangdu (, ), also known as Xanadu (; Mongolian: ''Šandu''), was the summer capital of the Yuan dynasty of China before Kublai decided to move his throne to the former Jin dynasty capital of Zhōngdū () which was renamed Khanbaliq ( present-day Beijing). Shangdu is located in the present-day Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia. In June 2012, it was made a World Heritage Site for its historical importance and for the unique blending of Mongolian and Chinese culture.

Venetian traveller Marco Polo described Shangdu to Europeans after visiting it in 1275. It was conquered in 1369 by the Ming dynasty army under the Hongwu Emperor. In 1797, historical accounts of the city inspired the famous poem ''Kubla Khan'' by the English Romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

Descriptions

Shangdu was located in what is now Shangdu Town, Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia, north of Beijing. It is about northwest of the modern town of Duolun. The layout of the capital is roughly square shaped with sides of about . It consists of an "outer city", and an "inner city" in the southeast of the capital which has also roughly a square layout with sides about , and the palace, where Kublai Khan stayed in summer. The palace has sides of roughly , covering an area of around 40% the size of the Forbidden City in Beijing. The most visible modern-day remnants are the earthen walls though there is also a ground-level, circular brick platform in the centre of the inner enclosure.

The city, originally named Kaiping (, ''Kāipíng'', "open and flat"), was designed by Chinese architect Liu Bingzhong from 1252 to 1256, and Liu implemented a "profoundly Chinese scheme for the city's architecture". In 1264 it was renamed Shangdu by Kublai Khan. At its zenith, over 100,000 people lived within its walls. In 1369 Shangdu was occupied by the Ming army, put to the torch and its name reverted to Kaiping. The last reigning Khan Toghun Temür fled the city, which was abandoned for several hundred years.

In 1872, Steven Bushell, affiliated with the British Legation in Beijing, visited the site and reported that remains of temples, blocks of marble, and tiles were still to be found there. By the 1990s, all these artifacts were completely gone, most likely collected by the inhabitants of the nearby town of Dolon Nor to construct their houses. The artwork is still seen in the walls of some Dolon Nor buildings.

Today, only ruins remain, surrounded by a grassy mound that was once the city walls. Since 2002, a restoration effort has been undertaken.

By Marco Polo (1278)

The Venetian explorer Marco Polo is widely believed to have visited Shangdu in about 1275. In about 1298–99, he dictated the following account:

By Toghon Temur (1368)

The lament of Toghon Temur Khan (the "Ukhaant Khan" or "Sage Khan"), concerning the loss of Daidu (Beijing) and Heibun Shanduu (Kaiping Xanadu) in 1368, is recorded in many Mongolian historical chronicles. The ''Altan Tobchi'' version is translated as follows:

By Samuel Purchas (1625)

In 1614, the English clergyman Samuel Purchas published ''Purchas his Pilgrimes – or Relations of the world and the Religions observed in all ages and places discovered, from the Creation unto this Present''. This book contained a brief description of Shangdu, based on the early description of Marco Polo:

In 1625 Purchas published an expanded edition of this book, recounting the voyages of famous travellers, called ''Purchas his Pilgrimes''. The eleventh volume of this book included a more detailed description of Shangdu, attributed to Marco Polo and dated 1320:

By Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1797)

In 1797, according to his own account, the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge was reading about Shangdu in ''Purchas his Pilgrimes'', fell asleep, and had an opium-inspired dream. The dream caused him to begin the poem known as 'Kubla Khan'. Unfortunately Coleridge's writing was interrupted by an unnamed " person on business from Porlock", causing him to forget much of the dream, but his images of Shangdu became one of the best-known poems in the English language.

Coleridge described how he wrote the poem in the preface to his collection of poems, ''Christabel, Kubla Khan, and the Pains of Sleep'', published in 1816:

Coleridge's poem opens similarly to Purchas's description before proceeding to a vivid description of the palace's varied pleasures:

Astronomy

In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) gave a continent-sized area of Saturn's moon Titan the name Xanadu, referring to Coleridge's poem. Xanadu raised considerable interest in scientists after its radar image showed its terrain to be quite similar to earth's terrain with flowing rivers (probably of methane and ethane, not of water as they are on Earth), mountains (of ice, not conventional rock) and sand dunes.

In popular culture

Thanks to the poem by Coleridge, Xanadu became a metaphor for splendor and opulence. It was the name of Charles Foster Kane's estate in the film '' Citizen Kane'', that of Mandrake the Magician in the long-running comic strip, as well as the upstate retreat of villain Xanatos in the Gargoyles TV series. The title of the 1980 film ''Xanadu'' starring Gene Kelly and Olivia Newton-John is a reference to Coleridge's poem, which also led to the song by Electric Light Orchestra and Newton-John, " Xanadu".

In the Kurt Vonnegut novel '' Timequake'', Xanadu is the name of a retreat for prolific writers in a resort on Cape Cod. Xanadu was featured in the short story by Ray Bradbury called "A Miracle of Rare Device", written in 1962 and republished in 1964 in the collection ''The Machineries of Joy''. The story was later made into a television episode. '' In Xanadu'' is a 1989 travel book by William Dalrymple; at the age of 22 he sets off along the Silk Road from Antioch.

In early 1980, Teena Marie had a US R&B top 40 hit with "Behind the Groove" that mentions Xanadu. In 1968, UK pop/ rock group Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich had a UK number one hit with "The Legend of Xanadu". Another known reference to Coleridge's poem is the song " Xanadu" by Canadian rock band Rush in their 1977 album '' A Farewell to Kings''. In their debut album '' Welcome to the Pleasuredome'', Frankie Goes to Hollywood referred to the poem in the title track. German metal band Blind Guardian references Xanadu and building a "pleasure-dome" in the song Sacred Mind from their 2015 album Beyond the Red Mirror.

In the Japanese light novel and anime series '' Shakugan no Shana'', Xanadu is the name of the paradise to be created by the God of Creation (Snake of the Festival). In the sci-fi/cyberpunk/fantasy novels ''Otherland'' by Tad Williams, Paul Jonas passes through a "simworld", or highly realistic simulation, of Xanadu, as described in Coleridge's poem. It is also mentioned in episode 9 ("Protocol") of Serial Experiments Lain anime, in form of the historical hypertext project called Project Xanadu by Ted Nelson.

Xanadu is revealed to be an alternate name for the utopian city of Tralla-La, a setting from the Scrooge McDuck Disney comic books, originally created by Carl Barks and expanded on by Don Rosa in his story "Return To Xanadu", where it is revealed that Genghis Khan had the capital of his empire placed there after he occupied the city, and hid the massive treasury of the Mongul Empire in the massive underground reservoir that drained the river flowing through the city, creating the "sunless sea" mentioned in Coleridge's poem.

The city name is also the name of one of the most popular RPGs of the 1980s for several home computers, called '' Xanadu: Dragonslayer II''.

The setting of the video game '' Sunless Sea'', an enormous cavern containing a subterranean sea, is inspired by the poem. It features a Khanate depicted as a remnant of Kubilai's, as well as an "Abora Gate".

See also

* List of mythological places
* Karakorum, the earlier Mongol Empire capital founded by Genghis Khan, and built in stone by Ögedei Khan in 1220
* Shangri-La
* Shambhala

References

External links

Shangdu Google Satellite Map

Xanadu - World History Encyclopedia

Sites of the Yuan Dynasty Upper Capital (Xanadu) and Middle Capital UNESCO World Heritage

{{Authority control

Medieval cities
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Inner Mongolia
Yuan dynasty
Ancient Chinese capitals
Former populated places in China
World Heritage Sites in China
Kublai Khan