Shadhili

The Shadhili Order ( ar, الطريقة الشاذلية) is a tariqah or Sufi order of Sunni Islam founded by al-Shadhili in the 13th century and is followed by millions of people around the world. Many followers (Arabic ''murids'', "seekers") of the Shadhili Order are known as Shadhilis, and a single follower is known as Shadhili.

It has historically been of importance and influence in the Maghreb and Egypt with many contributions to Islamic literature. Among the figures most known for their literary and intellectual contributions are ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari, author of the ''Hikam'', and Ahmad Zarruq, author of numerous commentaries and works, and Ahmad ibn Ajiba who also wrote numerous commentaries and works.

In poetry expressing love of Muhammad, there have been the notable contributions of Muhammad al-Jazuli, author of the '' Dala'il al-Khayrat'', and al-Busiri, author of the famous poem, the ''Al-Burda'' or "The Celestial Lights in Praise of the Best of Creation". Many of the head lecturers of al-Azhar University in Cairo have also been followers of this tariqa.

Of the various branches of the Shadhili are the Fassiyatush of Imam Fassi, found largely in India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. The Darqawiyya of Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi is found mostly in Morocco and the Alawi-Darqawiyya of Ahmad al-Alawi originated in Algeria is now found the world over, particularly in Syria, Jordan, France, and among many English-speaking communities. British scholar Martin Lings wrote an extensive biography of Ahmad al-Alawi entitled ''A Moslem Saint of the Twentieth Century''.

The anniversary of al-Shadhili is held on 12th of Shawwal (the tenth month of lunar calendar) at Humaithara in Egypt.

Branches

Shadhiliyya has numerous across the globe. A few prominent branches are listed below.

Fassiyya

The Fassiyatush was established by Imam Fassi, a Moroccan by origin who was born in Mecca. Fassiyatush Shadhiliyya is widely practised in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Mauritius and Indonesia. The descendants of al-Fassi who are sheikhs of the Fassiyatush and reside in Mecca and Jeddah visit these countries frequently. The international leader of the Fassiyatash is selected from the heirs of al-Fassi and Ajwad ibn Abdallah al-Fassi is the present leader.

Darqawiyya

The Darqawiyya, a Moroccan branch of the Shadhili order, was founded in the late 18th century by Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi. Selections from the letters of al-Darqawi were translated by the Shadhili Titus Burckhardt and more recently by the scholar Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley. One of the first tariqas to be established in the West was the Alawiya branch of the Darqawiyya, which was named after Ahmad al-Alawi, popularly known as "Shaykh al-Alawi".

Attasiyah

The 'Attasiyah Order is a branch of the 'Alawi Order, founded by Umar bin Abdur Rahman bin Aqil al-Attas. It is centered in Yemen but also has centers in Pakistan, India, and Myanmar. The 'Alawiya order in Yemen has recently been studied by the anthropologist David Buchman. In his article "The Underground Friends of God and Their Adversaries: A Case Study and Survey of Sufism in Contemporary Yemen", Professor Buchman summarizes the results of his six-month period of fieldwork in Yemen. The article was originally published in the journal ''Yemen Update''Alan Godlas,
Sufism, Sufis, and Sufi Orders: Sufism's Many Paths

Darqawi Hashimiya

The Darqawi-Alawi branch of the Shadili tariqa also established itself in Damascus and the Levant through Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani, the son of an Algerian qadi, who migrated to Damascus along with his spiritual guide Ibn Yallis. After the death of Ibn Yallis, Hashimi was authorized by Sheikh Ahmad al-'Alawi (see above Martin Lings), during a visit to Damascus in the early 1920s, and was made his deputy in Damascus. A biography of his life was published in English as ''Shaykh Muhammad al-Hashimi: His Life and Works''.

The most well known living spiritual guide of this branch of the Shadhili tariqa, especially to English-speakers, is Sheikh Nuh Ha Mim Keller, an American scholar, author, and translator, who resides in Amman, Jordan. He was authorized by Sheikh Abd al Rahman Al Shaghouri, who was himself a student of Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani and the lead singer of his gatherings in Damascus. Advocating a holistic and erudite approach to Sufism, Nuh Keller and his students have played an instrumental role in broadening access to Islamic sciences through online education and high quality publications and translations of classical works. His tariqa is notable in attracting a large number of scholars, academics, and professionals.

Sheikh Muhammad Sa'id al-Jamal, another student of Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani and who died in 2015, had worked from the Haram al-Sharif or The Temple Mount in Jerusalem and was a mufti of the Hanbali Madhab. He was also a student of the spiritual guide and Shadhili Sheikh Abdur Rahman Abu al Risah of Halab of the Shadhili Yashruti line. He was a direct descendant of Muhammad, through his ancestor Ahmad ar-Rifa`i. He wrote many books in both English and Arabic on Sufism, tafsir, and healing. His students from the US also established the University of Spiritual Healing and Sufism which is devoted to the Sufi way of healing.

Badawiyya

Another branch of the Shadhilia which has groups in Egypt, Indonesia, Turkey and America is the Batawiyya founded by Ibrahim al-Batawi, for many years professor at al-Azhar. He was a confrere of Sheikh Abdu-l-Halim Mahmud, Shaikh al-Azhar, who was very influential in the revival of Sufism in Egypt. Sheikh Ibrahim's student, Nooruddeen Durkee, has established the Battawi order in the United States. Nooruddeen Durkee has translated and transliterated the Qur'an and has compiled two definitive books on the Shadhali, including ''The School of the Shadhdhuliyyah, Volume One: Orisons''.

Maryamiyya

The Maryamiyya Order was founded by Swiss-German metaphysician Frithjof Schuon, author of ''The Transcendent Unity of Religions'', among other influential books, as an outgrowth of the Alawiyya order. In 1946, the disciples of a group he led in Switzerland declared him to be an "independent master", spurring him to create his own order. In 1965, he began having visions of Maryam (as the Virgin Mary is known in Islam), who the Order is named after. The Maryamiyya Order was largely formed around Perennial philosophy and Neoplatonism, and heavily influenced by Advaita Vedanta and Guénon's Traditionalist School.

Influence

On Christianity

Miguel Asín Palacios has suggested that the Shadhili drew detailed connections between the teachings of ibn Abbad al-Rundi and John of the Cross, such as in the account of the Dark Night of the Soul.

José Nieto, on the other hand, argues that these mystical doctrines are quite general, and that while similarities exist between the works of John, ibn Abbad and other Shadhilis, these reflect independent development, not influence.

The Spiritual Chain

Every tariqa must have a chain of transmission and authorization to be recognized as valid. Most of the chains start from Ali ibn Abi Talib and goes as 2 branches one through his son Hasan ibn Ali and another through Husayn ibn Ali.

* Muhammad
* Ali
* Hasan ibn Ali
* Jabir ibn Abd Allah
* Sa‘id al-Ghazawani
* Abu Muhammad Fath al-Su'ood
* Abu Muhammad Sa'eed
* Abul Qasim Ahmad ibn Marwani
* Sayyid Ishaq Ibrahim al-Basri
* Zayn al-Din al-Qazwini
* Shams al-Din
* Muhammad Taj al-Din
* Nur al-Din Abul Hasan ‘Ali
* Fakhr al-Din
* Tuqayy al-Din al-Fuqayr
* ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Madani al-‘Attar al-Zayyat
* Abd al-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami
* al-Shadhili

See also

*Chishti
*Qadiriyya
*Wazifa Zarruqiyya

References

External links

www.al-shadhili.com ''The Encyclopedia Of Teachings Of Al-Shadhili''

''Shadhili Tariqa''
Information on the tariqa of Sh. Nuh Keller.

Fassiya branch

Muhammad al-Jamal

The Shadhili Darqawi 'Alawi
branch

The Shadhdhuli School for tranquility of being and illumination of hearts
Green Mountain branch, located in Charlottesville, Virginia


of the Darqawi branch

Tariqa Burhaniya as Shadhiliya



Nasheed group based in Avignon, France.

Ba`alawi.com
Ba'alawi.com , The Definitive Resource for Islam and the Alawiyyen Ancestry.


* ttps://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-4438-9568-2 Ibn 'Ata' Allah, Muslim Sufi Saint and Gift of Heavenby Abu Bakr Sirajuddin Cook.

''The Relevance and the Beauty of the Teaching of Shaykh Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah''

{{Authority control

Sufism in Africa
Sunni Sufi orders
Moroccan Sufi orders