The Senate of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...

( ota, مجلس أعيان, or ; tr, Ayan Meclisi; lit. "Assembly of Notables"; french: Chambre des Seigneurs/Sénat (, with 'old') * el, γερουσία (, from , 'old man') , group=note) was the upper house of the parliament of the Ottoman Empire, the

General Assembly A general assembly or general meeting is a meeting of all the members of an organization or shareholders of a company. Specific examples of general assembly include: Churches * General Assembly (presbyterian church), the highest court of pres ...

. Its members were appointed notables in the Ottoman government who, along with the elected lower house

Chamber of Deputies The chamber of deputies is the lower house in many bicameral legislatures and the sole house in some unicameral legislatures. Description Historically, French Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the French Parliament during the Bourbon R ...

( tr, Meclis-i Mebusan), made up the General Assembly. It was created in its first incarnation according to the Ottoman constitution of 1876, which sought to reform the Ottoman Empire into a

constitutional monarchy A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making. Constitutional monarchies dif ...

. Members of the Senate were selected by the

Sultan Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it c ...

and their numbers were limited to one-third (1/3) of the membership of the representative Chamber of Deputies. Members and the president of the Senate were designated to be reliable and reputable leaders of the country, required to be at least 40 years old. Furthermore, according to the 62nd clause of the 1876 constitution, government ministers, provincial governors, military commanders, kazaskers, ambassadors,

Eastern Orthodox Eastern Orthodoxy, also known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism. Like the Pentarchy of the first millennium, the mainstream (or " canonical ...

patriarchs, rabbis, and army and navy feriks, if they met certain conditions, could also become Senate members through their offices. Members of both houses, along with the government ministers led by the grand vizier (the ''de facto'' prime minister of the Ottoman Empire), met together once a year to discuss and compile a list of things for the

sultan Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it c ...

to enact in the following year, and to review his actions taken in the previous year. The same day, Senators would swear oaths to stay loyal to the constitution, the sultan, the nation, and their duties. Bills and budgets passed by the Chamber of Deputies went to the Senate, where they were scrutinized in matters of religion, morality, economics, social issues, and military, and modified as necessary or sent back to the Chamber. The Senate also had the power to create original legislation itself.

First Constitutional Era (1876–1878)

The first Senate met on Monday, March 19, 1877. At the time that served as the Senate president, there were 27 members. When sultan

Abdul Hamid II Abdülhamid or Abdul Hamid II ( ota, عبد الحميد ثانی, Abd ül-Hamid-i Sani; tr, II. Abdülhamid; 21 September 1842 10 February 1918) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 31 August 1876 to 27 April 1909, and the last sultan to ...

dissolved the parliament on February 13, 1878, the Senate ceased meeting, but its members continued to be paid government salaries and their status as military and political leaders remained unchanged.

Second Constitutional Era (1908–1920)

After the proclamation of the Second Constitutional Era, amendments were made to the 1876 constitution. According to these amendments, the Senate began to assemble every year at the beginning of November, convene at the pleasure of the sultan, and disassemble after four months. The Senate usually convened after the

. In extraordinary conditions, at the sultan's request, or after a written appeal signed by the majority of the Chamber of Deputies, the entire parliament could convene earlier in a joint session of the Senate and the Chamber and extend the session. On December 17, 1908, the Senate reconvened for the first time in over 30 years, several of its members changing over time until its end at the end of

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...

in 1920, when the Allied occupation of Constantinople forced the ''de jure'' closure of the parliament on March 16, 1920. The ''de facto'' closure came on April 11, when the sultan, under pressure from the invading

Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

, officially proclaimed the parliament dissolved. The successor to the Ottoman Senate, the Senate of the Republic was established after the proclamation of the

Turkish Republic Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...

Members

First Constitutional Era (1876–1878)

– Monarch * – President *

Ahmed Arifi Pasha Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1830 – 1895/96) was an Ottoman noble, senator, statesman and reformist, who served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire in 1879. In contemporary English-language accounts he was known as Aarifi Pasha. He was a liber ...

– Vice President * – Sultan's messenger * Mehmed Namık Pasha – Field Marshal * – Minister of the Navy *

Abdurrahman Sami Pasha Abdurrahman Sami Pasha (1794–1882) was an Ottoman bureaucrat, statesman, and one of the founders of the Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from ...

* * – governor of

Hejaz The Hejaz (, also ; ar, ٱلْحِجَاز, al-Ḥijāz, lit=the Barrier, ) is a region in the west of Saudi Arabia. It includes the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif, and Baljurashi. It is also known as the "Western Prov ...

* Dervish Pasha – governor of

Ankara Ankara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and over 5.7 million in Ankara Province, maki ...

* Moralı İbrahim Pasha – Minister of the Navy * Ahmed Celal Pasha * – Minister of Medical Education * * – Fatwa consultant (''Fetva emini'') * Hacı Tahir Efendi – Minister of Civil Service Education * M. Arif Efendi – former member in the

Council of State A Council of State is a governmental body in a country, or a subdivision of a country, with a function that varies by jurisdiction. It may be the formal name for the cabinet or it may refer to a non-executive advisory body associated with a head o ...

* Rıza Efendi – former judge in the

Court of Cassation A court of cassation is a high-instance court that exists in some judicial systems. Courts of cassation do not re-examine the facts of a case, they only interpret the relevant law. In this they are appellate courts of the highest instance. In th ...

* Bağdatlı Emin Efendi – member of the

* Yorgaki Efendi – member of the

* Daviçon Efendi – member of the

* – Ministry of Medical Education * M. Emin Bey – former Chief Clerk of the Palace Registrar * Düzoğlu Mihran Bey – member of the

* Aristarki Logofet Bey – member of the

* Damat Mahmud İbrahim Pasha * Kostaki Musurus Pasha – ambassador to Britain * A. Hilmi Efendi – President of the Department of Appeals * Kostaki Antopulos Pasha – judge in the

Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha (1807–1883), also known as Çırpanlı Abdi Pasha or Abdul Kerim Pasha, son of Ahmed Ağa, was an Ottoman military commander, born in Chirpan, Ottoman Bulgaria. Career He graduated from the military academy in Const ...

* Mehmed Sadık Pasha * Ibrahim Edhem Pasha

Second Constitutional Era (1908–1920)

This incarnation of the Senate included two living members from the original 1877 Senate, for a total of 32 forming members. Although its charter called for it to have one-third the number of members of the

, i.e. over 90 members, it never reached that amount at one time. In 1909, it had 44 members; in 1910, it had 48 members; in 1911, it had 58 members; and in 1914, it had 48 members.http://www.koprudergisi.com/index.asp?Bolum=EskiSayilar&Goster=Yazi&YaziNo=412 Meşrutiyet Döneminde Seçimler ve Meclis-i Mebusan, M. Nihat Derindere *

Mehmed V Mehmed V Reşâd ( ota, محمد خامس, Meḥmed-i ḫâmis; tr, V. Mehmed or ; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) reigned as the 35th and penultimate Ottoman Sultan (). He was the son of Sultan Abdulmejid I. He succeeded his half-brother Ab ...

– Monarch *

Ali Rıza Pasha Ali Rıza Pasha (1860–1932) was an Ottoman military officer and statesman, who was one of the last Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire, under the reign of the last Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI, between 14 October 1919 and 2 March 1920.İsmail Hâm ...

– President * *

Ahmet Tevfik Pasha Ahmet Tevfik Pasha ( ota, احمد توفیق پاشا‎; 11 February 1845 – 8 October 1936), later Ahmet Tevfik Okday after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934, was an Ottoman statesman of Crimean Tatar origin. He was the last Grand vizi ...

* Hasan Fehmi Pasha * Mustafa Zihni Pasha * Mehmed Tevfik Pasha * Mısırlı Mehmed Ali Fazıl Paşa * Ohannes Pasha * General Arif Hikmet Pasha * Gabriel Noradunkyan * Ali Rıza Efendi * Saib Molla Bey, until 1910 * – Artillery,

General A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". O ...

* General Muhiddin Pasha *

Süleyman Pasha *

Mehmed Pasha *

Lieutenant general Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star military rank (NATO code OF-8) used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on th ...

Şevket Pasha, until 1911 * Şerif Ali Haydar Bey * Recaizade Mahmud Ekrem * Abdurrahman Efendi * * Nasuhi Bey * Faik Bey * Halim Bey * Dimitraki Mavrokordato * Aleksandros Mavroyeni – former governor of

Samos Samos (, also ; el, Σάμος ) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of western Turkey, from which it is separated by the -wide Mycale Strait. It is also a sepa ...

, diplomat * Georgiadis Efendi * Mustafa Nuri Bey * Sami Pasha al-Farouqi * Bohor Efendi * Azaryan Efendi * Mısırlı Halil Hamada Pasha * * Metropolit Avxentios * Bessaraya Efendi * –

Seyyid Abdulkadir Abdulkadir Ubeydullah (1851, Şemdinli - 1925 Diyarbakır) was a President of the Kurdish Society for Cooperation and Progress (KTTC) and later the Society for the Rise of Kurdistan. He was a leading Kurdish intellectual and a once also a member ...

son of Sheikh Ubeydullah * Ahmed Muhtar Pasha – Field Marshal *

Mehmed Said Pasha Mehmed Said Pasha ( ota, محمد سعيد پاشا ‎; 1838–1914), also known as Küçük Said Pasha ("Said Pasha the Younger") or Şapur Çelebi or in his youth as Mabeyn Başkatibi Said Bey, was an Ottoman monarchist, senator, statesman ...

* * * Aristarki Logofet Bey * Fethi Franko Bey * * Abraham Pasha * Aram Efendi * Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi –

Shaykh al-Islām Shaykh al-Islām ( ar, شيخ الإسلام, Šayḫ al-Islām; fa, شِیخُ‌الاسلام ''Sheykh-ol-Eslām''; ota, شیخ‌ الاسلام, Şhaykḫu-l-İslām or ''Sheiklı ul-Islam''; tr, Şeyhülislam) was used in the classical e ...

Mehmed Ferid Pasha Mehmed Ferid Pasha ( tr, Avlonyalı Ferit Paşa or Avlonyalı Mehmet Ferit Paşa) (1851, Yanya, Ottoman Empire (modern-day Ioannina, Greece) – 1914, Sanremo, Kingdom of Italy) was an Ottoman statesman. He served as Grand Vizier of the Ot ...

–

Grand Vizier Grand vizier ( fa, وزيرِ اعظم, vazîr-i aʾzam; ota, صدر اعظم, sadr-ı aʾzam; tr, sadrazam) was the title of the effective head of government of many sovereign states in the Islamic world. The office of Grand Vizier was first ...

* Damat Ferid Pasha *

Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha ( ota, حسین حلمی پاشا tr, Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa, also spelled Hussein Hilmi Pasha) (1 April 1855 – 1922) was an Ottoman statesman and imperial administrator. He was twice the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empir ...

–

* Deli Fuad Pasha * Şerif Nasser Bey * * Reshid Akif Pasha * Salih Hulusi Pasha * Mehmed Rauf Pasha * * Davud Molko Efendi * Suleyman al-Boustani * Zareh Dilber Efendi * Ziyaeddin Efendi * Mustafa Nail Bey * Şerif Cafer Efendi - President of the Department of Appeals * * Stefanidis Vasileios * Ahmet Rıza * Mizancı Murat *

Nicolae Constantin Batzaria Nicolae Constantin Batzaria (; last name also Besaria, Basarya, Bațaria or Bazaria; also known under the pen names Moș Nae, Moș Ene and Ali Baba; November 20, 1874 – January 28, 1952), was an Aromanian cultural activist, Ottoman statesm ...

* Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı * Şükrü Pasha *

Mahmud Shevket Pasha Mahmud Shevket Pasha ( ota, محمود شوكت پاشا, 1856 – 11 June 1913)David Kenneth Fieldhouse: ''Western imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958''. Oxford University Press, 2006 p.17 was an Ottoman generalissimo and statesman, wh ...

- General

References

Notes

{{Abdul Hamid II Government of the Ottoman Empire 1876 establishments in the Ottoman Empire Defunct upper houses

First Constitutional Era (1876–1878)

Second Constitutional Era (1908–1920)

Members

First Constitutional Era (1876–1878)

Second Constitutional Era (1908–1920)

See also

References

Notes