Selimiye Mosque, Edirne

The Selimiye Mosque ( tr, Selimiye Camii) is an Ottoman imperial mosque, which is located in the city of Edirne (formerly Adrianople), Turkey. The mosque was commissioned by Sultan Selim II, and was built by the imperial architect Mimar Sinan between 1568 and 1575. It was considered by Sinan to be his masterpiece and is one of the highest achievements of Islamic architecture as a whole and Ottoman architecture in particular.

The mosque, together with its ''külliye'', was included on UNESCO's World Heritage List in 2011.

History

The Selimiye Mosque was built at the peak of Ottoman military and cultural power. As the empire started to grow, the emperor sought to centralize Edirne. Sinan was asked to help to construct the Selimiye Mosque, making the mosque distinctive and serving the purpose of centralizing the city. The mosque was begun in 1568 and completed in 1574 or 1575. Selim II, who commissioned the mosque, died in December 1574, before he was able to see the mosque fully completed.

At the Bulgarian siege of Edirne in 1913, the dome of the mosque was hit by Bulgarian artillery. Owing to the dome's extremely sturdy construction, the mosque survived the assault with only minor damage. On Mustafa Kemal Pasha's order, it has not been restored since then, to serve as a warning for future generations. Some damage can be seen on the image of the dome above, at and near the dark red calligraphy to the immediate left of the central blue area.

In 1865 Baha'u'llah, the founder of the Baha'i Faith, arrived with his family to Edirne as a prisoner of the Ottoman empire and resided in a house near Selimiye Mosque, which he visited often until 1868. It was at Selimiye mosque where he was supposed to have had an open debate with Mírzá Yaḥyá Núrí (also known by the title of Ṣubḥ-i-Azal), an important event in the split of the Bábi Faith, which ultimately resulted in the formation of the Baha'i Faith guided by Baha'u'llah and the Azali Bábi Faith guided by Mírzá Yaḥyá.

The Nizamiye Mosque in South Africa is modeled on the Selimiye Mosque. Despite being 80% of the size of the Selimiye, the Nizamiye Mosque is the largest in the Southern hemisphere.

The mosque was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 10,000 lira banknotes of 1982-1995.

Architecture

The mosque

The mosque is widely regarded as Sinan's crowning masterpiece, and Sinan himself regarded it as his best work. The main building consists of two equal parts: a rectangular courtyard and a rectangular prayer hall, each measuring about .

Courtyard

The mosque's courtyard forms a dramatic approach that helps to frame the view of the main dome from outside. The central outer gate on the northwest side of the courtyard is unusually simple, as the customary ''muqarnas'' canopy is replaced by a simple round arch. Inside, the courtyard is surrounded by four porticos of arches and domes. The southeastern portico, immediately preceding the entrance to the prayer hall, is significantly taller than the other three porticos in order to match the great height of the mosque itself. This portico is composed of three wide arches with two very small arches between them, a configuration vaguely resembling a triumphal arch and very different from the earlier monumental portico designed by Sinan for the Süleymaniye Mosque. The façades above these arches are decorated with two marble circles inscribed with quotes from the Qur'an. The large lower windows around the courtyard are surmounted by decorative lunettes, except for the two windows on either side of the entrance portal, which are set below ''muqarnas'' niches instead. The lunettes of the windows on the prayer hall side are filled with Iznik tiles painted with calligraphy.

The marble '' shadirvan'' or ablutions fountain in the center of the courtyard, made of carved and pierced stone, is one of the finest examples of its kind from this period, but it lacks the usual roof and canopy. Doğan Kuban believes that this indicates it was never completed, while Gülru Necipoğlu states that this merely further emphasizes the view of the mosque's main dome above.

The entrance portal to the mosque's prayer hall has more typical ''muqarnas'' canopy, while the dome covering the space in front of it is heavily fluted and decorated. The wooden doors of the entrance are said to have been taken from the ''Ulu Cami'' (Great Mosque) of Birgi.
File:Selimiye Camii - Ανδριανούπολη - 5172709878.jpg, alt=, The central (northwestern) entrance portal to the courtyard
File:Edirne (15465898222).jpg, alt=, The '' shadirvan'' (fountain) of the courtyard
File:Courtyard of the Selimiye Mosque 3154.jpg, alt=, Windows with lunettes of Iznik tiles around the courtyard
File:Courtyard of the Selimiye Mosque 3175.jpg, alt=, The decorative dome in front of the prayer hall entrance
File:Courtyard of the Selimiye Mosque 3172.jpg, alt=, ''Muqarnas'' sculpting of the entrance portal of the prayer hall

Prayer hall and main dome

The prayer hall's interior is notable for being completely dominated by a single massive dome, whose view is unimpeded by the structural elements seen in other large domed mosques before this. This design is the culmination of Sinan's spatial experiments, making use of the "octagonal baldaquin" design he had experimented with earlier. In this design the main dome is supported by a system of eight pillars incised in a rectangular shell of walls. This was the most effective available method of integrating the round dome with the rectangular hall below while minimizing the space occupied by the supporting elements of the dome.

The ingenuity of the mosque's design lies in the organization of its interior space. All of the architectural elements are subordinated to the huge central dome. The eight massive pillars are partly freestanding but closely integrated with the outer walls. Additional outer buttresses are concealed in the outer shell of the mosque, allowing the walls in between them to be pierced with a large number of windows. Four semi-domes at the corners, between the main pillars, are intermediary sections between the walls and the main dome. Compared to the semi-domes in some other Ottoman mosques, they are much smaller in relation to the main dome. Sinan also made good use of the spaces between the supporting pillars and buttresses by filling them with an elevated gallery inside the prayer hall, matched on the outside by arched porticos. The elevated galleries inside help to eliminate what little ground-level space exists beyond the central domed baldaquin structure, ensuring that the dome therefore dominated the view from anywhere a visitor could stand.

Another of Sinan's primary objectives was to surpass the size of the Hagia Sophia's central dome, allegedly motivated by Christian architects who claimed that Muslims were not capable of matching the construction of that dome. Sinan's biographies praise the dome of the Selimiye Mosque for its size and height, which is approximately the same diameter as the Hagia Sophia's main dome and slightly higher; the first time that this had been achieved in Ottoman architecture. The hemispherical dome has a diameter of . Its exact height is sometimes disputed but is approximately . In the ''Tezkiratü'l-Bünyan'', the biography written by Sa'i Mustafa Çelebi, Sinan is said to declare: "In this mosque...I aveerected a dome six cubits higher and four cubits wider than the dome of Hagia Sophia."

File:Selimiye Mosque, Dome.jpg, alt=Interior view of the central dome, Closer view of central dome
File:Selimiye Mosque 2.JPG, alt=, General view of the interior
File:Interior of Selimiye Mosque 0087.jpg, alt=Selimiye Mosque interior, The upper-floor gallery
File:Nagymecset - Edirne, 2014.10.22 (11).JPG, alt=, Exterior view of the lower walls and porticos
File:Selimiye Mosque 026.jpg, alt=, Exterior view of the upper walls and buttresses supporting the dome

= Mihrab, religious furnishings, and decoration

=

The mihrab is set back from the rest of the prayer hall, standing in an apse-like projection with enough depth to allow for window illumination from three sides. This has the effect of making the tile panels of its lower walls sparkle with natural light. The tiles on either side of the mihrab are excellent examples of Iznik tilework. The mihrab itself is made of marble and is a good example of Ottoman stone-carving in this period, with a ''muqarnas'' hood and an inscription band. The mihrab decoration culminates above in a curved triangle set between two ''alem''s (a type of finial on a flagpole).

The minbar, standing next to the mihrab area, is among the finest examples of the stone minbars which by then had become common in Ottoman architecture. The stone surfaces are decorated with arches, pierced geometric motifs, and carved arabesques. The sultan's private balcony for prayers, or ''hünkâr mahfili'', is set in an elevated position in the mosque's eastern corner and is also decorated with excellent Iznik tiles. A '' müezzin mahfili'', a platform for the muezzin, stands in the center of the hall, directly under the main dome. This position, which obscures the view of the mihrab from the mosque entrance, is unusual in Ottoman architecture and was never repeated by Sinan. It may have been placed there to further emphasize the centrality of the dome above. The elevated platform is made of beautifully-painted wood supported by twelve low arches with multifoil forms. Under the platform is a marble fountain for ablutions and drinking.

The decoration around the mosque's interior includes marble stonework, painted decoration, and more Iznik tilework. Most of the painted decoration, which includes arabesque motifs, plant or flower motifs, and calligraphic inscriptions, mostly dates from a 19th-century restoration under Sultan Abdülmecid I and from later restorations. The original painted decoration was probably similar to the decoration of other Classical-period mosques. It included calligraphy by Hasan Karahisari (apprentice of Ahmed Karahisari) which was praised by Ottoman writers who saw it. Some of the best-preserved painted decoration from the Classical period (16th-17th centuries), uncovered during a 1980s restoration, can be found on the wooden surfaces of the ''müezzin mahfili''. The windows were probably originally decorated with coloured Venetian glass.

File:Selimiye Mosque Mosque 0178.jpg, alt=Selimiye, tiles at mihrab, Iznik tiles next to the mihrab
File:Selimiye minbar DSCF3123.jpg, alt=, The minbar
File:Interior of Selimiye Mosque Hünkar mahfili 070.jpg, alt=, The sultan's loge ( ''hünkâr mahfili'')
File:Selimiye Mosque sultan's balcony DSCF5863.jpg, alt=, Iznik tile decoration around the mihrab of the sultan's loge
File:2013-Turquia-Edirne-0019 (36521986654).jpg, alt=, The muezzin's platform ('' müezzin mahfili'')
File:Müezzin mahfili in Selimiye mosque in Edirne 3275.jpg, alt=, Painted decoration on the muezzin's platform

Minarets

The exterior of the mosque is marked by four minarets that are some of the tallest Ottoman minarets ever built, standing at 70.89 meters tall. In order to accentuate and draw attention to the centralized structure of the mosque, the traditional placement of different-sized minarets was abandoned from the design. Instead, four identical minarets were planted at each corner of the marble forecourt to frame the central dome. The four vertically-fluted, symmetrical minarets amplify the upward thrust, shooting towards the sky like rockets from each corner of the mosque, in the words of Gülru Necipoğlu.

Other buildings of the complex

The mosque stands at the center of a '' külliye'' (a religious and charitable complex) within an outer perimeter wall, occupying an elevated site measuring approximately . The complex includes two madrasas: the ''Dar'ül Kurra Medrese'' (a school for Qur'anic recitation) and a ''Dar-ül Hadis Medrese'' (a hadith school). The ''Dar'ül Kurra Medrese'' occupies the southeastern corner of the complex and the ''Dar-ül Hadis Medrese'' occupies the northeastern corner, both arranged in a symmetrical configuration around the main axis of the complex. Both structures consist of an internal square courtyard surrounded by porticos on four sides, rows of small domed rooms on two sides, and a larger domed ''dershane'' (classroom) on one side. Both were completed by Sinan while he was still in Edirne to oversee the mosque's construction.

The ''Dar'ül Kurra Medrese'' now houses the Selimiye Foundation Museum (''Selimiye Vakıf Müzesi''), which opened in 2006 and displays art and artefacts from religious foundations ( ''vakif''s) in and around Edirne. The ''Dar-ül Hadis Medrese'' now houses the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts of Edirne (''Türk İslam Eserleri Müzesi''), which displays objects of Islamic art from the region of Edirne as well as objects granted from the collections of the Topkapı Palace Museum and the Ethnography Museum of Ankara. It was first opened in 1925 and was reopened in 2012 after a long restoration.

The complex also includes a '' sibyan mektebi'' (elementary school) and an '' arasta'' (covered market street), located along the southern perimeter of the complex. These were added later and it's possible that they were completed instead by Davud Agha, Sinan's successor as chief court architect, though Sinan may have designed them. The ''sibyan mektebi'' consists of a domed hall adjoined by an open portico on its southwest side.
File:Selimiye Mosque 025.jpg, View of the '' arasta'' (market) and primary school on the south side of the complex, with the mosque behind
File:Nagymecset - Edirne, 2014.10.22 (6).JPG, alt=, Inside the ''arasta'' (market)
File:Selimiye complex madrasa DSCF5505.jpg, alt=, The ''Dar'ül Kurra Medrese'' (now the Selimiye Foundation Museum)
File:Selimiye complex madrasa DSCF5598.jpg, alt=, Courtyard of the ''Dar'ül Kurra Medrese''
File:Selimiye complex madrasa DSCF5245.jpg, alt=, The ''Dar-ül Hadis Medrese (''now the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts in Edirne)
File:Selimiye complex madrasa DSCF5318.jpg, alt=, The ''dershane'' (classroom) of the ''Dar-ül Hadis Medrese''

See also

* List of Friday mosques designed by Mimar Sinan

References

Citations

Bibliography

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External links

Selimiye Külliyesi
Archnet

Pictures of Selimiye Mosque

Photographs of the mosque by Dick Osseman

{{Authority control

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1574
Mimar Sinan buildings
Ottoman architecture in Edirne
Ottoman mosques in Edirne
Mosque buildings with domes
Mosques in Edirne
Landmarks in Turkey
World Heritage Sites in Turkey
Tourist attractions in Edirne
16th-century mosques
Historic sites in Turkey