Seismic Experiment For Interior Structure

The Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) is a seismometer and the primary scientific instrument on board the ''InSight'' Mars lander launched on 5 May 2018 for a landing on 26 November 2018; the instrument was deployed to the surface of Mars on 19 December. SEIS is expected to provide seismic measurements of marsquakes, enabling researchers to develop 3D structure maps of the deep interior. Better understanding the internal structure of Mars will lead to better understanding of the Earth, Moon, and rocky planetary bodies in general.

SEIS detected marsquakes in Cerberus Fossae in 2019.

On 24 December 2021, the seismometer for the InSight mission on Mars detected a large seismic event with a distinct signature. The event was caused by a meteor impact on the surface of Mars, which was confirmed by satellite observations of a newly formed 150-kilometer crater.

Overview

Mars flybys and landings to gather scientific data have been conducted since the 1960s, but quality seismological studies – which would provide detailed information about the interior of Mars – have yet to be performed in the 21st century.

Only two astronomical bodies – the Earth and the Moon – have been studied in this way, and learning about Mars is hoped to contribute to understanding the geology of all rocky planetary bodies.

Other onboard instruments working in synergy with SEIS are the Temperature and Winds for InSight module, the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package, and the Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment.

Earlier missions

While two seismometers were landed on Mars during the ''Viking'' missions in 1976, results were limited. SEIS/INSIGHT: One year prior launch for Seismic Discovery on Mars. Lognonne, Philippe; Banerdt, W. Bruce; Giardini, Domenico; Pike, W. Tom; Christensen, Ulli; Knapmeyer-Endrun, Brigitte; de Raucourt, Sebastien; Umland, Jeff; Hurst, Ken; Zweifel, Peter; Calcutt, Simon; Bierwirth, Marco; Mimoun, David; Pont, Gabriel; Verdier, Nicolas; Laudet, Philippe; Smrekar, Sue; Hoffman, Tom. 19th EGU General Assembly, EGU2017, proceedings from the conference held 23–28 April 2017 in Vienna, Austria., p.9978 Seismometers on both ''Viking'' spacecraft were mounted on the lander, which meant that it also picked up vibrations from various operations of the lander and caused by the wind. In addition, the ''Viking 1'' lander's seismometer did not deploy properly.

The seismometer readings were used to estimate a Martian geological crust thickness between at the ''Viking 2'' lander site. Unexpectedly, the seismometer also detected pressure from the Mars winds, complementing the meteorology results. A single possible candidate for a marsquake was recorded, although it was not confirmed due to the limitations of the design, and interference from other sources of vibration such as wind. Despite these limitations, it was clear that widespread and large marsquakes were not detected.

Design

SEIS is the primary instrument of the ''InSight'' mission, and it was designed and produced by the French Space Agency (CNES), with the participation of the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris ( IPGP), the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS), Imperial College, Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace ( ISAE) and JPL. The Principal Investigator is Philippe Lognonné from the Institute of Earth Physics of Paris (''Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris''), in the E.U.crust and mantle respond to the effects of meteorite impacts, which gives clues to the planet's inner structure. The seismometer will also detect sources including atmospheric waves and gravimetric signals (tidal forces) from Mars' moon Phobos, up to high-frequency seismic waves at 50 Hz.Planned products of the Mars Structure Service for the InSight mission to Mars
(PDF). Mark P. Panning, Philippe Lognonne, W. Bruce Banerdt, Raphael Garcia, Matthew Golombek, et al. ''Space Science Reviews'' 16 November 2016.

The SEIS instrument is deployed by the Instrument Deployment System, a robotic arm that can position the sensor directly on the surface. The instrument is supported by a suite of meteorological sensors (TWINS) to characterize atmospheric disturbances that might affect the measurements. These include a vector magnetometer provided by UCLA that will measure magnetic disturbances such as those caused by the Martian ionosphere; a suite of air temperature, wind speed and wind direction sensors based on the Spanish/Finnish Rover Environmental Monitoring Station; and a barometer from JPL.

During the final integration of SEIS, several small leaks were found in the vacuum thermal enclosure. This forced the postponement of the ''InSight'' launch from 2016 to 2018, and the redesign of a new enclosure under the supervision of JPL. The cost of the delay was estimated to be .

Operations

Routine operations will be split into two services, the Mars Structure Service (MSS) and Marsquake Service (MQS), which will be responsible, respectively, for defining the structure models and seismic activity. Combination of data with results from the ''InSight'' radio science and orbital observations will allow for constraint of the deeper structure.

Possible observations include:
* P waves and S waves
* Meteor strikes (see also :Meteorites found on Mars)
* Marsquakes
* Impact by other manmade objects
* Tidal forces from Mars' moons
* Interior revelations, such as the presence of a solid or liquid core and its size

Single-site seismology

During development, the power of multiple sites was noted, but one site offers a tremendous insight to the interior. With a single site, the location of a marsquake event can be constrained to the surface of a sphere, by measuring what are known as P-waves and S-waves.Geophysical Network Mission for MARS 2009
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There is a variety of single-site seismology techniques that can yield data, for example, the detection of an impact on the surface by a meteorite for which the location is identified. If Mars has large marsquakes, they may allow the deep interior to be determined. As the vibrations pass through the planet they are affected by the properties of the materials and its configuration.

For example, the effect of tidal forces on Mars by Phobos, which should be about 10 mm, would be noticeably affected by a liquid Mars core. Even without any marsquake, it should be possible after about six months of observation to use this method to increase or decrease the likelihood Mars has a liquid core.

Cutaway illustration

Placement on the surface

On 19 December 2018, the SEIS instrument was deployed to the surface of Mars next to the lander by its robotic arm.

See also

*Composition of Mars
*Geology of Mars
*Volcanology of Mars

References

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Geology of Mars
Spacecraft instruments
InSight
CNES