Scirpophaga incertulas

''Scirpophaga incertulas'', the yellow stem borer or rice yellow stem borer, is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in Afghanistan, Nepal, north-eastern India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sumba, Sulawesi, the Philippines, Taiwan, China and Japan.

Description

The wingspan of the male is 18–22 mm and the female is 34 mm. Adult males are smaller than the females. Males are brownish ochreous. Forewings irrorated (sprinkled) with dark scales and with the veins slightly streaked with fuscous. A black spot found at lower angle of cell. There is an oblique fuscous line runs from apex to vein 2. A marginal black specks series can be seen. Hindwings ochreous white. Female fuscous brown with pale fuscous hindwings.

Ecology

The larvae feed on ''Oryza sativa''. It is considered as a major rice pest throughout India, Sri Lanka as well as in various parts of Nepal, and it devastates harvests annually. They bore the stem of their host plant. Full-grown larvae are pale yellow to yellowish green with a brown head and reach a length of 20 mm. Pupation takes place in a white silk cocoon.

Damage

After hatching, early instars bore into the leaf sheath and causing longitudinal yellowish-white patches as a result of feeding. Then it invades the stem of the rice plant and stays in the pith to feed on the inner surface of the stem wall. These are not externally visual as symptoms. Severe feeding causes a deep circular cut through the parenchyma tissue showing deadhearts at the vegetative stages and whiteheads at the reproductive stages.

Control

Due to heavy damage to rice throughout the world, many controlling measures are underway. Chemical, physical, and biological controls and many traditional methods are used to control the pest at any stage of its life cycle. Numerous pest resistant paddy varieties have been genetically modified and introduced in to the fields by the local governments. In biological control, egg parasitism is high and widespread. Species of the three genera '' Telenomus'', '' Tetrastichus'' and ''Trichogramma'' are greatly effective against eggs, larva and adult moths.

'' Conocephalus longipennis'', a bush cricket is known to consume moth eggs. Other than insect parasitoids, fungi, bacteria, viruses and mermithid nematodes are also used for Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Split release of '' Trichogramma japonicum'' improved control in Nagaland, India Sarma AK (2006)
Efficacy of ''Trichogramma japonicum'' Ashmead against yellow stem borer, ''Scirpophaga incertulas'' walk on rice in Nagaland. ''Journal of Applied Zoological Researches'' 17(2): 196-200
CABI abstract
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Applications of Chlorantraniliprole at 40 g.a.i./ha was found to be efficacious against ''S. incertulas.

References

External links

Studies on the ecology of the yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Pyralidae), in deepwater rice in BangladeshLife cycle of Yellow stem borer ''Scirpophaga incertulas''Rice Yellow stem borer, ''Scirpophaga incertulas'' (Walker)Pheromones and Semiochemicals of ''Scirpophaga incertulas''The impact of yellow stem-borer, ''Scirpophaga incertulas'' (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), on deepwater rice, with special reference to BangladeshRice crop stage susceptibility to the rice yellow stemborer ''Scirpophaga incertulas''Advances in Pest and Disease Management of Rice in Sri LankaEgg parasites of ''Scirpophaga incertulas'' (Walker) in Sri Lanka

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3595381

Moths described in 1863
Schoenobiinae
Moths of Asia