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Scientific transliteration, variously called ''academic'', ''linguistic'', ''international'', or ''scholarly transliteration'', is an international system for
transliteration Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus ''trans-'' + '' liter-'') in predictable ways, such as Greek → , Cyrillic → , Greek → the digraph , Armenian → or L ...
of text from the
Cyrillic script The Cyrillic script ( ), Slavonic script or the Slavic script, is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking c ...
to the
Latin script The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern ...
(
romanization Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, a ...
). This system is most often seen in
linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Ling ...
publications on
Slavic languages The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants. They are thought to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic, spoken during the ...
. Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic into Latin was first introduced in 1898 as part of the standardization process for the (PI) in 1899.


Details

The scientific transliteration system is roughly as phonemic as is the orthography of the language transliterated. The deviations are with щ, where the transliteration makes clear that two phonemes are involved, and џ, where it fails to represent the (monophonemic) affricate with a single letter. The transliteration system is based on the Gaj's Latin alphabet used in
Serbo-Croatian Serbo-Croatian () – also called Serbo-Croat (), Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia an ...
, in which each letter corresponds directly to a Cyrillic letter in Bosnian, Montenegrin and
Serbian Serbian may refer to: * someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe * someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people * Serbian language * Serbian names See also * * * Old Serbian (disambiguation ...
official standards, and was heavily based on the earlier
Czech alphabet Czech orthography is a system of rules for proper formal writing (orthography) in Czech. The earliest form of separate Latin script specifically designed to suit Czech was devised by Czech theologian and church reformist Jan Hus, the namesake o ...
. The Cyrillic letter х, representing the sound as in ''Bach'', was romanized ''h'' in Serbo-Croatian, but in German-speaking countries the native digraph ''ch'' was used instead. It was codified in the 1898 ''Prussian Instructions'' for libraries, or ''Preußische Instruktionen'' (PI), which were adopted in Central Europe and Scandinavia. Scientific transliteration can also be used to romanize the early Glagolitic alphabet, which has a close correspondence to Cyrillic. Scientific transliteration is often adapted to serve as a phonetic alphabet.Timberlake 2004, p 24. Scientific transliteration was the basis for the
ISO 9 ISO 9 is an international standard establishing a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets of many Slavic and non-Slavic languages. Published on February 23, 1995 by the Internatio ...
transliteration standard. While linguistic transliteration tries to preserve the original language's
pronunciation Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken. This may refer to generally agreed-upon sequences of sounds used in speaking a given word or language in a specific dialect ("correct pronunciation") or simply the way a particular ...
to a certain degree, the latest version of the ISO standard (ISO 9:1995) has abandoned this concept, which was still found in ISO/R 9:1968 and is now restricted to a one-to-one mapping of letters. It thus allows for unambiguous reverse transliteration into the original Cyrillic text and is language-independent. The previous official Soviet romanization system,
GOST 16876-71 GOST 16876-71 (russian: ГОСТ 16876-71) is a romanization system (for transliteration of Russian Cyrillic alphabet texts into the Latin alphabet) devised by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography of the Soviet Union. It is b ...
, is also based on scientific transliteration but used Latin ''h'' for Cyrillic х instead of Latin ''x'' or ''ssh'' and ''sth'' for Cyrillic Щ, and had a number of other differences. Most countries using Cyrillic script now have adopted GOST 7.79 instead, which is not the same as ISO 9 but close to it. Representing all of the necessary diacritics on computers requires
Unicode Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard,The formal version reference is is an information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. The standard, ...
,
Latin-2 ISO/IEC 8859-2:1999, ''Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 2: Latin alphabet No. 2'', is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. ...
,
Latin-4 ISO/IEC 8859-4:1998, ''Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 4: Latin alphabet No. 4'', is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1988. ...
, or
Latin-7 ISO/IEC 8859-13:1998, ''Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 13: Latin alphabet No. 7'', is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1998 ...
encoding.


Table

( ) Letters in parentheses are older or alternative transliterations. Ukrainian and Belarusian apostrophe are not transcribed. The early Cyrillic letter koppa (Ҁ, ҁ) was used only for transliterating Greek and its numeric value and was thus omitted. Prussian Instructions and ISO 9:1995 are provided for comparison. Unicode encoding is: * for the Cyrillic apostrophe * to transliterate the soft signThe templates and may be used for the proper character. * to transliterate the hard sign


See also

* Romanization of Belarusian * Romanization of Bulgarian *
Romanization of Greek Romanization of Greek is the transliteration ( letter-mapping) or transcription (sound-mapping) of text from the Greek alphabet into the Latin alphabet. History The conventions for writing and romanizing Ancient Greek and Modern Greek differ ...
* Romanization of Macedonian *
Romanization of Russian The romanization of the Russian language (the transliteration of Russian text from the Cyrillic script into the Latin script), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essenti ...
* Romanization of Serbian *
Romanization of Ukrainian The romanization of Ukrainian, or Latinization of Ukrainian, is the representation of the Ukrainian language in Latin letters. Ukrainian is natively written in its own Ukrainian alphabet, which is based on the Cyrillic script. Romanization may be ...
* (PI) * ALA-LC romanization for Russian


Notes


References

* (Winter 2003) "Transliteration", in '' Slavic and East European Journal'', 47 (4):backmatter—every issue of this journal has a transliteration reference in the back, including a table labelled “ISO Transliteration System”, although it is different from the latest version of ISO 9:1995. * IDS (Informationsverbund Deutschschweiz, 2001) ''Katalogisierungsregeln IDS (KIDS), Anhänge, �
IDS G.4: Transliteration der slavischen kyrillischen Alphabete
��''
Archive
. Universität Zürich. URL accessed on 2009-05-27 (PDF format, in German)—ISO/R 9 1968 standardization of scientific transliteration * Timberlake, Alan (2004), ''A Reference Grammar of Russian'',
Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press in the world. It is also the King's Printer. Cambridge University Pr ...
, .


External links


Transliteration history
��history of the transliteration of Slavic languages into Latin alphabets *
Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts

CyrAcademisator
Bi-directional online transliteration of Russian for ALA-LC (diacritics), scientific, ISO/R 9, ISO 9, GOST 7.79B and others. Supports Old Slavonic characters
Ukrainian Transliteration
— online service of scientific transliteration to and from Ukrainian. Also supports ISO 9, BGN/PCGN, ALA-LC and other standards of Ukrainian transliteration. (in Ukrainian) {{Cyrillization * Slavic languages