[ However, a large proportion of the catch is not reported at species level; in the FAO fishery statistics, the category "Croakers, drums, not elsewhere included", is the largest one within sciaenids, with annual landings of 431,000–780,000 tonnes in 2000–2009, most of which were reported from the western Indian Ocean (FAO fishing area 51) and northwest Pacific (FAO fishing area 61).]
The future of croakers, like many other fish species in the United States and around the world is uncertain because overfishing continues to be a major threats. The population has decreased significantly which will affect their ability reproduce. In United States Croakers are managed by the federal and state governments to ensure that they're harvested sustainably.
Croaking mechanism
A notable trait of sciaenids is the ability to produce a "croaking" sound. However the pitch and use of croaking varies species to species. The croaking ability is a distinguishing characteristic of sciaenids. The croaking mechanism is used by males as a mating call in some species.
To produce the croaking sound, special muscles vibrate against the swim bladder
The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw, or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth wit ...
. These muscles are called sonic muscle fibres, and run horizontally along the fish's body on both sides around the swim bladder, connected to a central tendon
A tendon or sinew is a tough, high-tensile-strength band of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. It is able to transmit the mechanical forces of muscle contraction to the skeletal system without sacrificing its ability ...
that surrounds the swim bladder ventrally. These sonic muscle fibres are repeatedly contracted against the swim bladder to produce the croaking sound that gives drum and croaker their common name, effectively using the swim bladder as a resonating chamber. The sciaenids' large swim bladder is more expansive and branched than other species, which aids in the croaking. In some species the sonic muscle fibres are only present in males. These muscles strengthen during the mating season and are allowed to atrophy the rest of the time, deactivating the croaking mechanism. In other species, most notably the Atlantic croaker, the croaking mechanism is present in both sexes and remains active year-round. These species are thought to use croaking for communication, such as announcing hazards and location when in turbid water.
Croaking in communication
In some species, croaking is used for communication aside from attracting mates. For those species that have year-round croaking ability, the croaks may serve as a low-aggression warning during group feeding, as well as to communicate location in cloudy water. In those species that lack the ability to croak year-round, croaking is usually restricted to males for attracting mates. A disadvantage to the croaking ability is that it allows bottlenose dolphin
Bottlenose dolphins are aquatic mammals in the genus ''Tursiops.'' They are common, cosmopolitan members of the family Delphinidae, the family of oceanic dolphins. Molecular studies show the genus definitively contains two species: the comm ...
to easily locate large groups of croaker and drum as they broadcast their position, indicating large amounts of food for the dolphins.
Genera
*'' Aplodinotus''
*'' Argyrosomus''
*'' Aspericorvina''
*'' Atractoscion''
*'' Atrobucca''
*'' Austronibea''
*'' Bahaba''
*'' Bairdiella''
*'' Boesemania''
*'' Cheilotrema''
*'' Chrysochir''
*'' Cilus''
*'' Collichthys''
*'' Corvula''
*'' Ctenosciaena''
*''Cynoscion
''Cynoscion'' is a genus of fish in the drum family, Sciaenidae. It contains the weakfish and seatrouts.
Species
The genus consists of 24 species:
* '' Cynoscion acoupa'' (Lacepède, 1801) -- Acoupa weakfish
* '' Cynoscion albus'' (Günther, ...
''
*'' Daysciaena''
*'' Dendrophysa''
*'' Elattarchus''
*'' Equetus''
*'' Genyonemus''
*'' Isopisthus''
*'' Jefitchia''
*''Johnius
''Johnius'' is a genus of fishes in the family Sciaenidae
Sciaenidae are a family of fish in the order Acanthuriformes. They are commonly called drums or croakers in reference to the repetitive throbbing or drumming sounds they make. The famil ...
''
*'' Kathala''
*'' Larimichthys''
*'' Larimus''
*'' Leiostomus''
*'' Lonchurus''
*'' Macrodon''
*'' Macrospinosa''
*'' Megalonibea''
*''Menticirrhus
''Menticirrhus'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonng to the family Sciaenidae, the drums or croakers. They are commonly known as kingcroakers or kingfish. These fish are found in the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans.
Taxonomy ...
''
*'' Micropogonias''
*'' Miichthys''
*'' Miracorvina''
*''Nebris
''Nebris'' is a small genus of fish in the family Sciaenidae.
Species
There are currently two recognized species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as ...
''
*''Nibea
''Nibea'' is a genus of fish in the family Sciaenidae family.
It contains ten accepted species:
* ''Nibea albiflora'' (Richardson, 1846)
* ''Nibea chui'' Trewavas, 1971
* ''Nibea coibor'' (Hamilton, 1822)
* ''Nibea leptolepis'' (Ogilby, 19 ...
''
*'' Odontoscion''
*'' Ophioscion''
*'' Otolithes''
*'' Otolithoides''
*'' Pachypops''
*'' Pachyurus''
*'' Panna''
*'' Paralonchurus''
*'' Paranebris''
*'' Paranibea''
*'' Pareques''
*'' Pennahia''
*'' Pentheroscion''
*'' Petilipinnis''
*'' Plagioscion''
*'' Pogonias''
*'' Protonibea''
*'' Protosciaena''
*'' Pseudotolithus''
*'' Pteroscion''
*'' Pterotolithus''
*'' Robaloscion''
*'' Roncador''
*'' Sciaena''
*'' Sciaenops''
*'' Seriphus''
*'' Sonorolux''
*'' Stellifer''
*''Totoaba
The totoaba or totuava (''Totoaba macdonaldi'') is a species of marine fish, a very large member of the drum family Sciaenidae that is endemic to the Gulf of California in Mexico. It is the only species in the genus ''Totoaba''. Formerly abunda ...
''
*''Umbrina
''Umbrina'' is a genus of fish from the croaker family Sciaenidae
Sciaenidae are a family of fish in the order Acanthuriformes. They are commonly called drums or croakers in reference to the repetitive throbbing or drumming sounds they make. ...
''
Timeline of genera
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The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''pala ...
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', ...
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligocene
The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but t ...
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Plio.
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text: Pleist.
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from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene
The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning o ...
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene
The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
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color:miocene bar:NAM2 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: Argyrosomus
color:miocene bar:NAM3 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: Ctenosciaena
color:miocene bar:NAM4 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: Nebris
''Nebris'' is a small genus of fish in the family Sciaenidae.
Species
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In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as ...
color:miocene bar:NAM5 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: Pogonias
color:miocene bar:NAM6 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: Umbrina
''Umbrina'' is a genus of fish from the croaker family Sciaenidae
Sciaenidae are a family of fish in the order Acanthuriformes. They are commonly called drums or croakers in reference to the repetitive throbbing or drumming sounds they make. ...
color:miocene bar:NAM7 from: -15.97 till: 0 text: Sciaenops
color:miocene bar:NAM8 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Bairdiella
color:miocene bar:NAM9 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Cynoscion
''Cynoscion'' is a genus of fish in the drum family, Sciaenidae. It contains the weakfish and seatrouts.
Species
The genus consists of 24 species:
* '' Cynoscion acoupa'' (Lacepède, 1801) -- Acoupa weakfish
* '' Cynoscion albus'' (Günther, ...
color:miocene bar:NAM10 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Menticirrhus
''Menticirrhus'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonng to the family Sciaenidae, the drums or croakers. They are commonly known as kingcroakers or kingfish. These fish are found in the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans.
Taxonomy ...
color:miocene bar:NAM11 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Sciaena
color:pliocene bar:NAM12 from: -5.332 till: 0 text: Aplodinotus
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from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', ...
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligocene
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from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...
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The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning o ...
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The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...
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References
Further reading
*
{{Authority control
Perciformes families
Extant Oligocene first appearances
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier