Salm is the name of several historic

countship Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York ...

s and

principalities A principality (or sometimes princedom) can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a regnant-monarch with the title of prince and/or princess, or by a monarch with another title considered to fall under ...

in present Germany, Belgium,

Luxembourg Luxembourg ( ; lb, Lëtzebuerg ; french: link=no, Luxembourg; german: link=no, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, ; french: link=no, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ; german: link=no, Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small land ...

and France.

History

Origins

The County of Salm arose in the tenth century in

Vielsalm Vielsalm (; wa, Li Viye Såm) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium. The town is part of the Arrondissement of Bastogne. It is the place of origin of the House of Salm. On 1 January 2018 the municipality ha ...

, in the Ardennes region of present Belgium. It was ruled by a junior branch of the

House of Luxembourg The House of Luxembourg ( lb, D'Lëtzebuerger Haus; french: Maison de Luxembourg; german: Haus Luxemburg) or Luxembourg dynasty was a royal family of the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Middle Ages, whose members between 1308 and 1437 ruled as king ...

, called the

House of Salm The House of Salm was an ancient Lotharingian noble family originating from Salmchâteau in the Ardennes (present-day Belgium) and ruling Salm. The dynasty is above all known for the experiences of the Upper Salm branch which came to be locate ...

. In 1165, it was divided into the counties of Lower Salm, in the Ardennes, situated in Belgium and

, and the county of Upper Salm, situated in the

Vosges mountains The Vosges ( , ; german: Vogesen ; Franconian and gsw, Vogese) are a range of low mountains in Eastern France, near its border with Germany. Together with the Palatine Forest to the north on the German side of the border, they form a single ...

, present France.

Lower Salm

The counts of Lower Salm became extinct in 1416, and the county was inherited by the House of Reifferscheid-Dyck. In 1628 the county was elevated to an altgraviate, and henceforth the

fief A fief (; la, feudum) was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law. It consisted of a form of property holding or other rights granted by an overlord to a vassal, who held it in fealty or "in fee" in return for a form of f ...

was renamed the

Altgraviate of Salm-Reifferscheid (feminine: ) is a historical title of the German nobility, usually translated as "count". Considered to be intermediate among noble ranks, the title is often treated as equivalent to the British title of "earl" (whose female version is "coun ...

. In 1639 the Altgraviate was divided up into the

Altgraviate of Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedburg (feminine: ) is a historical title of the German nobility, usually translated as "count". Considered to be intermediate among noble ranks, the title is often treated as equivalent to the British title of "earl" (whose female version is "coun ...

, to the Northwest of Cologne, and the

Altgraviate of Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck (feminine: ) is a historical title of the German nobility, usually translated as "count". Considered to be intermediate among noble ranks, the title is often treated as equivalent to the British title of "earl" (whose female version is "coun ...

Neuss Neuss (; spelled ''Neuß'' until 1968; li, Nüss ; la, Novaesium) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the west bank of the Rhine opposite Düsseldorf. Neuss is the largest city within the Rhein-Kreis Neuss district. I ...

Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedburg

In 1734 the Altgraviate of Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedburg was divided in three by splitting off the Altgraviate of Salm-Reifferscheid-Raitz, from

Bohemia Bohemia ( ; cs, Čechy ; ; hsb, Čěska; szl, Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohe ...

n descent, and the Altgraviate of Salm-Reifferscheid-Hainsbach from the original altgraviate. In 1803 the, smaller, Altgraviate of Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedburg was renamed the Altgraviate of Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim. In 1804 it was raised to a principality, und existed until 1806, when it was mediatised.

Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck

The county was mediatised, and the family branch became extinct in 1888.

Upper Salm

In 1246 the County of Upper Salm was split up, and the County of Salm-Blankenburg came into existence, next to it. In 1431 the County of Upper Salm was split up again, and the County of Salm-Badenweiler came into existence, next to it. The County of Upper Salm was inherited by the Wild- and Rhinegraves in 1475, who then called their fief the Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Upper Salm. In 1499 the Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm was divided up into two entities, the Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Kyrburg and the Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Dhaun.

Salm-Blankenburg

The county became extinct in 1506, and was inherited by the

House of Lorraine The House of Lorraine (german: link=no, Haus Lothringen) originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz. It inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1473 after the death without a male heir of Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine. By the marriage of Fran ...

Salm-Badenweiler

In 1520 the County of Salm-Badenweiler was split up, and the County of Salm-Neuburg came into existence, next to it. In 1653 the fief was inherited by the Austrian House of Sinzendorf, but the House of Salm kept using the title until 1784, when the last lord died. The county was annexed by the

from 1600 until 1608, when it came back into the family. 1670 the territory was finally annexed by France.

Salm-Kyrburg

In 1607 the Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Kyrburg was divided in three by splitting off the Wild- and Rhinagraviate of Salm-Mörchingen and the Wild- and Rhinagraviate of Salm-Tronecken from the original Wild- and Rhinegraviate. In 1637 the lord of Salm-Tronecken died and his territories were joined with ... . In 1681 the last lord of Salm-Kyrburg died, and his territories were joined with Salm-Mörchingen. In 1688 the last lord of Salm-Mörchingen died. His territories were joined with ... . In 1743 a completely new territory of Salm-Kyrburg was created, this time the Principality of Salm-Kyrburg. It was shortly annexed by France in 1811 and mediatised in 1813. But the family kept using the titles.

Salm-Dhaun

In 1561 the Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Neuweiler and the Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Grumbach were split off Salm-Dhaun. In 1697 the Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Püttlingen was split off Salm-Dhaun. In 1748 the Salm-Dhaun branch of the family became extinct, its territories went to the branch of Salm-Püttlingen.

=Salm-Püttlingen

= Salm-Püttlingen became extinct in 1750. Their territories went to ... .

=Salm-Neuweiler

= In 1610 the Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm was split off Salm-Neuweiler. It was elevated to the Principality of Salm in 1623. In 1803, when the

Bishopric of Münster In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associat ...

was secularized, part of it was given to the princes of

Salm-Salm The Principality of Salm-Salm (german: Fürstentum Salm-Salm; french: Principauté de Salm-Salm) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire. It was located in the present-day French departments of Bas-Rhin and Vosges; it was one of a number of partitions ...

who by then already were in possession of the Lordship of Anholt. This new

Principality of Salm The Principality of Salm was a short-lived client state of Napoleonic France located in Westphalia. History Salm was created in 1802 as a state of the Holy Roman Empire in order to compensate the princes of Salm-Kyrburg and Salm-Salm, who had ...

, covering the area around Borken,

Ahaus Ahaus (; Westphalian: ''Ausen'') is a town in the district of Borken in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands, lying some 20 km south-east of Enschede and 15 km south from G ...

and Bocholt, was a member of the

Confederation of the Rhine The Confederated States of the Rhine, simply known as the Confederation of the Rhine, also known as Napoleonic Germany, was a confederation of German client states established at the behest of Napoleon some months after he defeated Austria a ...

. In 1810 it was annexed by France, as a part of the Imperial

département In the administrative divisions of France, the department (french: département, ) is one of the three levels of government under the national level (" territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the communes. Ninety- ...

Lippe Lippe () is a ''Kreis'' (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Herford, Minden-Lübbecke, Höxter, Paderborn, Gütersloh, and district-free Bielefeld, which forms the region Ostwestfalen-Lippe. The ...

. After the defeat of

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

in 1815, it was mediatized to

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was '' de facto'' dissolved by an ...

. The family branch exist until today. In 1696 Salm-Neuweiler was divided in two, the Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Leuze and the Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Hoogstraten. Their lands were incorporated into Belgium. The branches became extinct in 1887 and 1186.

=Salm-Grumbach

= In 1668 the Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Rheingrafenstein-Grenzweiler was split off Salm-Grumbach. It was mediatised and incorporated into Prussia. The branch extinction occurred in 1819. In 1803 Salm-Grumbach was annexed by France. The lords of Salm-Grumbach received the Principality of Salm-Horstmar as compensation in 1803. It was mediatised in 1813. The family branch sold its titles to Salm-Salm in 1892.

List of states

* 1019–1165 : County of Salm (Lower and Upper Salm) ** 1165–1416 : County of Lower Salm / 1416–1628 : County of Salm-Reifferscheid / 1628-1639 Altgraviate of Salm-Reifferscheid *** 1639–1803 : Altgraviate of Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedburg **** 1803–1804 : Altgraviate of

Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim was a short-lived Imperial Estate to the Holy Roman Empire, which was created as a succession of in 1803. It was raised to a Principality in 1804, and was mediatised to the Kingdom of Wurttemberg and the Grand Du ...

***** 1804–1806 : Principality of Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim (mediatised to Prussia, branch became extinct in 1893) **** 1734–1790 : County of

Salm-Reifferscheid-Raitz The House of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Raitz was a noble family of German descent established in Central Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic). It came into existence after a partition of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Bedburg line in 1734, and was elevated to ...

***** 1790–1811 : Principality of Salm-Reifferscheid-Raitz (mediatised to Austria, branch still extant) **** 1734–1811 : County of Salm-Reifferscheid-Hainsbach (mediatised to Prussia, branch became extinct in 1897) *** 1639–1806 : Altgraviate of

Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck was a small County of the Holy Roman Empire. Its territory was the area around Dyck (south-east of Mönchengladbach) in present North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck was a partition of Salm-Reiffersche ...

(mediatised to Prussia, branch became extinct in 1888) ** 1165–1475 : County of Upper Salm / 1475-1499 : Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Upper Salm (House of Salm-Dhaun and House of Salm-Kyrburg) *** 1210–1500 : County of Salm-Blankenburg (House of Lorraine) *** 1431–1670 : County of Salm-Badenweiler (House of Bourbon) **** 1520–1784 : County of Salm-Neuburg (House of Sinzendorf) *** 1499–1748 : Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Dhaun (House of Salm-Püttlingen) **** 1697–1750 : Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Püttlingen (?) **** 1561–1696 : Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Neuweiler (House of Salm-Leuze and House of Salm-Hoogstraten) ***** 1574-1738 : Wild- and Rhinegraviate of

****** 1738–1810 : Principality of Salm-Salm (mediatised to Prussia) ***** 1696–1742 : Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Leuze ****** 1742–1743 : Principality of Salm-Leuze (House of Salm-Kyrburg) ***** 1696–1738 : Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Hoogstraten (later known as House of Salm-Salm) **** 1561–1803 : Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Grumbach (mediatised to Prussia) ***** 1803–1813 : Principality of

Salm-Horstmar Salm-Horstmar was a short-lived Napoleonic County in far northern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located around Horstmar, to the northeast of Münster. It was created in 1803 for Wild- and Rhinegrave Frederick Charles Augustus of Salm-Grumbac ...

(mediatised to Prussia, branch still extant) ***** 1668-????' Wild- and Rhinegraviate of Rheingrafenstein-Grenzweiler (branch became extinct in 1819) *** 1499–1681 : Wild- and Rhinegraviate of

Salm-Kyrburg Salm-Kyrburg was a state of the Holy Roman Empire located in present-day Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, one of the various partitions of Salm. It was twice created: the first time as a Wild- and Rhinegraviate (partitioned from Upper Salm), and s ...

(House of Salm-Mörchingen) **** 1607-1637 : Wild and Rhinegraviate of Salm-Tronecken (branch became extinct in 1637) **** 1607–1688 : Wild- and Rhinegraviate Salm-Mörchingen (branch became extinct in 1688) *** 1743–1810 : Principality of

(mediatised to Prussia)

List of rulers

Counts of Salm (1019–1165)

House of Salm

* Giselbert (1019–1059) * Herman I (1059–1088) * Andrea II (1088–1138) * Herman (1138–1140) * Henry (1140–1165)

Counts and Altgraves of Lower Salm (1165-1628-1639)

House of Salm

* Frederick I (1163–1172) * Frederick II (1172–1210) * Gerhard (1210–1240) * Henry III (1240–1247) * Henry IV (1247–1265) * William (1265–1297) * Henry V (1297–1336) * Henry VI (1336–1362) * John (1362–1370) * (1370–1416)

House of Reifferscheid-Dyck

* Otto (1416–1455) * John I (1455–1475) * John II (1475–1479) * Peter (1479–1505) * John III (1505–1537) * John IV (1537–1559) * Werner (1559–1629) * Ernst Frederick, (1629–1639) first altgrave

Altgraves of Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedbur and Princes of Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim (1639-1803-1893)

House of Reifferscheid-Dyck

* Erik Adolf (1639–1673) * Francis William (1673–1734) * Charles Anthony (1734–1755) * Sigismund (1755–1798) * Francis William, reign (1798–1806) last altgrave (1803–1804), first prince (1804–1806) died 1831 * Constantin (1831–1856), title in pretence * Francis Charles (1856–1860) * Leopold (1860–1893) * Alfred (1893–1924)

Altgraves of Salm-Reifferscheid-Hainspach (1734-1811-1897)

House of Reifferscheid-Dyck

* Leopold Anthony (1734–1769) * Francis Wenceslaus (1769–1832), title in pretence since 1811 * Francis Vincent (1832–1842) * John (1842–1847) * Francis Joseph (1847–1887) * Alois (1887–1897)

Altgraves and Princes of Salm-Reifferscheid-Raitz (1734-1790-1918)

House of Reifferscheid-Dyck

* Anthony (1734–1769) * Charles Joseph, last altgrave (1769–1790), first prince (1790–1811) * Hugh I Francis (1811–1836), title in pretence * Hugh II Charles (1836–1888) * Hugh III (1888–1890) * Hugh IV (1890–1903) * Hugh V Leopold (1903–1946) *Hugh VI * Hugh VII (born 1973)

Altgraves of Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck (1639-1806-1888)

House of Reifferscheid-Dyck

* Ernest Salentin (1639–1684) * Francis Ernest (1684–1721) * August Eugene Bernard (1721–1767) * William (1767–1775) * Joseph Zu (1775–1806) in pretence until 1861 * Alfred (1861–1888), title to branch of Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim

Counts and Wild- and Rhinegraves of Upper Salm (1210-1475-1499)

* Henry I (1165–1210) * Henry II (1210–1240) * Henry III (1240–1293) * John I (1293–1326) * Nicolas (1326–1343) * John II (1343–1351) * Simon I (1351–1360) * John III (1360–1386) * Simon II (1386–1397) * John IV (1397–1431) * Simon III (1431–1475) * John V, (1475–1495) first wild- and Rhinegrave * John VI (1495–1499)

Counts of Salm-Blankenburg (1210-1506)

* Frederick I (1210–1270) * Henry I (1270–1301) * Henry II (1301–1361) * Theobald I (1361–1363) * Henry III (1363–1382) * Theobald II (1382–1396) * Henry IV (1396–1441) * Frederick II (1441–1442) * Theobald III (1442–1443) * Louis (1443–1503) * Ulrick (1503–1506)

Counts of Salm-Badenweiler (1431-1600)

* John V (1431–1451) * John VI (1451–1505) * John VII (1505–1548) * John VIII (1548–1600)

Wild- and Rhinegraves of Salm-Dhaun (1499-1748)

* Philip (1499–1521) * Philip Francis (1521–1561) * John Philip I (1561–1569) * Frederick (1569–1574) * Adolf Henry (1574–1606) * Wolfgang Frederick (1606–1638) * John Louis (1638–1673) * John Philip II (1673–1693) * Charles (1693–1733) * John Philip III (1733–1742) * Christian Otto (1742–1748)

Wild- and Rhinegraves of Salm-Neuweiler (1561-1696)

* Frederick I (1561–1610) * Frederick II (1610–1673) * Charles Florentin (1673–1676) * Frederick Charles (1676–1696)

Wild- and Rhinegraves of Salm-Leuze and Princes of Salm-Kyburg (1696-1743-1813-1905)

* Henry Gabriel (1696–1716) * Philipp Joseph of Salm-Leuze, last wild- and Rhinegrave (1716–1743), first sovereign prince (1743–1779) * Frederick III (1779–1794) * Frederick IV, last sovereign prince (1794–1813), first mediatised prince (1813–1859) * Frederick V (1859–1887) * Frederick VI Louis (1887–1905)

Wild- and Rhinegraves and Princes of Salm-Hoogstraten (1696-1739-1886)

* William Florentin (1696–1707) * Nicolas Leopold I, (1707–1770) first prince see Princes of Salm-Salm

Wild- and Rhinegraves and Princes of Salm-Salm (1574-1738-1813-present)

* Frederick I, first and last Wild- and Rhinegrave (1574–1608) * Philip Otto, last count (????-????), first prince (1608–1634) * Leopold Philip (1634–1663) * Charles Theodor Otto (1663–1710) * Louis Otto, last prince (1710–1738) * Nicholas Leopold I, first sovereign prince (1739–1770) * Louis Otto Charles (1770–1771) * Maximilian (1771–1773) * Louis Otto Charles (1773–1778) * Constantine Alexander, last sovereign prince (1778–1813) * Constantin Alexander, first mediatised prince (1813–1828) * Florentin (1828–1846) * Alfred I (1846–1886) * Nicolas Leopold II (1886–1908) * Alfred II (1908–1923) * Nicolas Leopold III (1923–1988) * Charles-Philip (1988–present) ** Emanuel, heir (born 1961)

Wild- and Rhinegraves of Salm-Püttlingen (1697-1750)

* Vollrath Victor (1697–1730) * John (1730–1750) * Frederick * Frederick William (????-1748) * John Frederick (1748–1750) * Charles Leopold Louis (1750-1750) * Frederick William (1750-1750)

References and external links

House of Salm
at europeanheraldry.org *

at the Office de Tourisme Pays des Abbayes *
Salm Castle

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salm (State) States and territories disestablished in 1815 States and territories established in 1019 1 History of Alsace States of the Holy Roman Empire Medieval Belgium