The ''Sīrat al-Iskandar'' ("Life of Alexander") is a 13th-century
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C ...
popular
romance
Romance (from Vulgar Latin , "in the Roman language", i.e., "Latin") may refer to:
Common meanings
* Romance (love), emotional attraction towards another person and the courtship behaviors undertaken to express the feelings
* Romance languages, ...
about
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, wikt:Ἀλέξανδρος, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Maced ...
. It belongs to the ''
sīra shaʿbiyya
''Sīra shaʿbiyya'' is a genre in Islamic literature consisting of long heroic narrative. The ''sīra''s are generally historical fictions, using historical settings, characters and events and focussing on military exploits. They are typical writ ...
'' genre.
The ''Sīrat'' is the most likely source of the
Malay
Malay may refer to:
Languages
* Malay language or Bahasa Melayu, a major Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore
** History of the Malay language, the Malay language from the 4th to the 14th century
** Indonesi ...
''
Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain
''Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain'' is a Malay epic describing fictional exploits of Alexander the Great (Iskandar), identified with Dhu al-Qarnayn (Zulkarnain), a king briefly mentioned in the Quran. The oldest existing manuscript is dated 1713, but ...
''.
Composition history
The ''Sīrat'' originates in an oral tradition of Alexander epics. Oral performance of the work, however, is poorly attested. The Dutch explorer
Ulrich Jasper Seetzen
Ulrich Jasper Seetzen (30 January 1767September 1811) was a German explorer of Arabia and Palestine from Jever, German Frisia. An alternative spelling of his name, Ulrich Iospar Sentzen, is sometimes seen in scientific publications.
Early life
H ...
recorded hearing public recitations of the ''Sīrat al-Iskandar'' in
Cairo
Cairo ( ; ar, القاهرة, al-Qāhirah, ) is the capital of Egypt and its largest city, home to 10 million people. It is also part of the largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world and the Middle East: The Greater Cairo metro ...
in the early 19th century. The written form of the ''Sīrat'' was composed by Abū Isḥāq Ibrahīm ibn Mufarrij al-Ṣūrī towards the end of the 13th century. It is the longest Arabic Alexander narrative at 305
folio
The term "folio" (), has three interconnected but distinct meanings in the world of books and printing: first, it is a term for a common method of arranging sheets of paper into book form, folding the sheet only once, and a term for a book ma ...
s (more than 600 pages). It is preserved in twelve identified manuscripts, but a majority of these does not contain the complete text. A majority does name al-Ṣūrī as the ''
rāwī
A ''rāwī'' was a reciter and transmitter of Arabic poetry in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic period (mid-7th–early 8th centuries). The term was also applied to transmitters of ''akhbar'' (narrative traditions) and hadiths (sayings and tradi ...
'' (narrator or reciter). He was a citizen of
Tyre.
The ''Sīrat'' is distinct from the ''Sīrat al-Malik al-Iskandar'', the Arabic version of the ancient Greek ''
Alexander Romance'', which is a literary rather than popular work. It follows a completely different narrative from that found in the ''Alexander Romance'' or in the Arabic
Dhu ʾl-Qarnayn tradition. Al-Ṣūrī cites
Kaʿb al-Aḥbār and
Wahb ibn Munabbih
Wahb ibn Munabbih ( ar, وهب بن منبه) was a Yemenite Muslim traditionist of Dhimar (two days' journey from Sana'a) in Yemen; died at the age of ninety, in a year variously given by Arabic authorities as 725, 728, 732, and 737 C.E. He was a ...
as his major sources. He also sometimes cites . In general, however, he does not cite sources. One of the distinguishing features of the narrative, as the long title suggests, is the prominence of
al-Khiḍr as Alexander's companion in all his adventures, not just that to the
Land of Darkness
The Land of Darkness (Arabic: دياري الظلمات romanized: ''Diyārī Zulūmāt'') was a mythical land supposedly enshrouded in perpetual darkness. It was usually said to be in Abkhazia, and was officially known as Hanyson or Hamson (or ...
.
Among the identifiable but uncited sources of the ''Sīrat'' are
Firdawsī's ''
Shāhnāma'' (for the Persian background) and the 9th-century ''
Nihāyat al-arab'' (for Alexander's conversion to monotheism).
Synopsis
In the ''Sīrat'', Alexander is a son of Dārāb, a prince of the
Achaemenid dynasty
The Achaemenid dynasty ( Old Persian: ; Persian: ; Ancient Greek: ; Latin: ) was an ancient Persian royal dynasty that ruled the Achaemenid Empire, an Iranian empire that stretched from Egypt and Southeastern Europe in the west to the In ...
of Persia, and Nāhīd, daughter of King
Philip II of Macedon
Philip II of Macedon ( grc-gre, Φίλιππος ; 382 – 21 October 336 BC) was the king ('' basileus'') of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. He was a member of the Argead dynasty, founders of the ...
. He is born in secret at Philip's court and is raised by
Aristotle
Aristotle (; grc-gre, Ἀριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs'', ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Peripatetic school of phil ...
. He eventually succeeds Philip as king, while his half-brother Dārā succeeds to the Persian throne. They go to war and Alexander is victorious, with Dārā dying in his arms.
After returning to Macedon, Alexander comes under the influence of the devil,
Iblīs, until he is brought back to the right path by al-Khiḍr, who convinces him he has a divine mission: to convert the whole world to
monotheism
Monotheism is the belief that there is only one deity, an all-supreme being that is universally referred to as God. Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford ...
. The two travel first to the West and then to the East, converting people everywhere they go. Alexander then constructs the famous
wall confining Gog and Magog before setting out for the Land of Darkness to find the
Water of Life. He is prevented from reaching the water by the
Isrāfīl (angels), who instead give him the
wonderstone. Shortly after, Alexander writes a letter of consolation to his mother and dies. He is buried in
Alexandria
Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandria ...
.
Some manuscripts contain an alternate ending based on the last days of Alexander as found in the ''Alexander Romance''. This is one of four interpolations from the ''Romance'' found in some copies of the ''Sīrat'', the others being the
letter of Alexander to Aristotle
The ''Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem'' ("Letter of Alexander to Aristotle") is a purported letter from Alexander the Great to the philosopher Aristotle concerning his adventures in India. Although accepted for centuries as genuine, it is tod ...
, the letter of Aristotle to Alexander and Alexander's encounter with the
Amazons
In Greek mythology, the Amazons (Ancient Greek: Ἀμαζόνες ''Amazónes'', singular Ἀμαζών ''Amazōn'', via Latin ''Amāzon, -ŏnis'') are portrayed in a number of ancient epic poems and legends, such as the Labours of Hercules, ...
.
[Outlined in . The letter of Alexander is found in four manuscripts and a ]critical edition
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts or of printed books. Such texts may range in da ...
and English translation of it is found in .
Notes
Bibliography
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{{refend
External links
SĪRAT Iskandar. Ibrāhīm ibn al-Mufarriǧ al-Ṣūrī manuscripts at the Bibliothèque nationale de France
13th-century Arabic books
Alexander the Great in legend