Pterolonchidae is a small
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
of very small
moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...
s in the
superfamily
SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...
Gelechioidea
__NOTOC__
Gelechioidea (from the type genus ''Gelechia'', "keeping to the ground") is the superfamily of moths that contains the case-bearers, twirler moths, and relatives, also simply called curved-horn moths or gelechioid moths. It is a large a ...
.
[Wikispecies (2008-NOV-06)] There are species native to every continent except Australia and Antarctica.
Taxonomy and systematics
As of 2014 the family may be considered to consist of the following seven genera:
*'' Anathyrsa'' Meyrick
Meyrick is a surname and given name. Meyricke is a variant form.
Surname
* Edmund Meyrick (1636–1713), Welsh cleric
* Edward Meyrick (1854–1938), English schoolmaster and amateur entomologist
* Edward Meyrick Goulburn (1818–1897), English ...
, 1920 - 1 species
*''Coelopoeta
''Coelopoeta'' is a relatively divergent genus of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea, which have only been found in western North America.
Its relationships have been interpreted differently over the past century. It has been placed in ...
'' Walsingham
Walsingham () is a civil parish in North Norfolk, England, famous for its religious shrines in honour of Mary, mother of Jesus. It also contains the ruins of two medieval Christian monasticism, monastic houses.Ordnance Survey (2002). ''OS Exp ...
, 1907 - 3 species
*'' Houdinia'' Hoare, Dugdale & Watts
Watts is plural for ''watt'', the unit of power.
Watts may also refer to:
People
*Watts (surname), list of people with the surname Watts Fictional characters
*Watts, main character in the film '' Some Kind of Wonderful''
*Watts family, six chara ...
, 2006 - 1 species
*''Homaledra
''Homaledra'' is a small genus of at least four species small moth of the family Pterolonchidae native to North and South America.
Taxonomy
It was included in the family Coleophoridae by Ron Hodges in 1983. Hodges then moved it to the subfamily ...
'' Busck, 1900 - 4 species
*'' Plexippica'' Meyrick, 1912 - 2 species
*''Pterolonche
''Pterolonche'' is small genus of small moths of the family Pterolonchidae.
Taxonomy
The genus was first circumscribed in 1847 by Philipp Christoph Zeller to include two new species. The type species is ''Pterolonche albescens''.
In 1984 Anto ...
'' Zeller Zeller, meaning both prisoner and monk in German, may refer to:
Places
*Zeller Ache, a river of Upper Austria
*Zeller Bach (Isar), a river of Bavaria, Germany, tributary of the Isar
* Zeller Bach (Memminger Ach), a river of Bavaria, Germany, tribut ...
, 1847 - 7 species
*''Syringopais
''Syringopais'' is a moth genus. It is here placed in family Pterolonchidae, but its relationships are obscure and some authors instead ally it with the Gelechiidae, Autostichinae and/or Symmocidae and place it elsewhere in the Gelechioidea
__NOT ...
'' Hering, 1919 - 1 species
The family Pterolonchidae was first named by Edward Meyrick
Edward Meyrick (25 November 1854, in Ramsbury – 31 March 1938, at Thornhanger, Marlborough) was an English schoolmaster and amateur entomologist. He was an expert on microlepidoptera and some consider him one of the founders of modern micr ...
in 1918. Meyrick omitted a description, thus the family was a ''nomen nudum
In taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate descr ...
'', until Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher
Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher (25 March 1878 – 30 April 1950) was an English entomologist. Although an amateur lepidopterist who worked in the Royal Navy, he became an expert on "microlepidoptera" and was appointed as the second Imperial Entomolo ...
provided the first description of the family in 1929.
In 1987 (the journal volume is dated to 1986, but this issue was published the following year) Antonio Vives Moreno published a revision of the family. Vives included seven species in two genera in the family (''Pterolonche'' and the monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...
''Anathyrsa''), describing two new species and synonymising one species within the genus ''Pterolonche''. He also published a new subgeneric classification for ''Pterolonche'': the subgenera
In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...
''Agenjius'' and ''Gomezbustillus'' to classify respectively two species native to southern Andalucia
Andalusia (, ; es, Andalucía ) is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomous community in the country. It is officially recognised as a "historical nationality". The t ...
and the northwestern Maghreb
The Maghreb (; ar, الْمَغْرِب, al-Maghrib, lit=the west), also known as the Arab Maghreb ( ar, المغرب العربي) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of North Africa and the Arab world. The region includes Algeria, ...
, and one species native to Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
.[
In 1999 ]Ron Hodges
Ronald Wray Hodges (born June 22, 1949) is a former catcher in Major League Baseball, who spent his entire 12-year career with the New York Mets.
Hodges was originally drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in the sixth round of the 1970 Major League ...
classified the group as the subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
Pterolonchinae of the family Coleophoridae
__NOTOC__
The Coleophoridae are a family of small moths, belonging to the huge superfamily Gelechioidea. Collectively known as case-bearers, casebearing moths or case moths, this family is represented on all continents, but the majority are found ...
, including eight species in two genera (still ''Pterolonche'' and ''Anathyrsa''). His classification was based on morphology
Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to:
Disciplines
*Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts
*Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ...
(as all other classifications had been constructed up until this time).
In WikiSpecies in 2008, the Pterolonchidae mysteriously included:
*'' Phthinostoma'' Meyrick, 1914
*''Pterolonche
''Pterolonche'' is small genus of small moths of the family Pterolonchidae.
Taxonomy
The genus was first circumscribed in 1847 by Philipp Christoph Zeller to include two new species. The type species is ''Pterolonche albescens''.
In 1984 Anto ...
'' Zeller Zeller, meaning both prisoner and monk in German, may refer to:
Places
*Zeller Ache, a river of Upper Austria
*Zeller Bach (Isar), a river of Bavaria, Germany, tributary of the Isar
* Zeller Bach (Memminger Ach), a river of Bavaria, Germany, tribut ...
, 1847
In Zhi-Qiang Zhang's 2011 attempt to number all the known animal species of earth, van Nieukerken ''et al''., the authors of the section on Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...
, followed the works of Vives in 1987 and Hodges in 1999 regarding the Pterolonchidae. They recognised the Coelopoetidae and Syringopaidae as distinct families. In their taxonomic interpretation, the family Pterolonchidae was circumscribed by Edward Meyrick in 1918, and comprised eight species in two genera.[
''Plexippica'' had originally been described as an independent monotypic genus by Edward Meyrick in 1912, but the single species was moved to the genus ''Pterolonche'' by him in 1924 (making ''Plexippica'' a synonym of ''Pterolonche''). Nonetheless the lone taxon found itself classified as a member of the Yponomeutinae subfamily of the ]Yponomeutidae
: ''Certain members of the unrelated snout moths (Pyralidae) are also known as "ermine moths." Spilosoma lubricipeda is an unrelated moth with the common name "white ermine."''
The family Yponomeutidae are known as the ermine moths, with severa ...
family in the Yponomeutoidea
Yponomeutoidea is a superfamily of ermine moths and relatives. There are about 1,800 species of Yponomeutoids worldwide, most of them known to come from temperate regions. This superfamily is one of the earliest groups to evolve external feeding ...
superfamily under its old name. The species was then rediscovered in South Africa and described as the new genus ''Kruegerius'' by Vives in 1999, and was placed in the Pterolonchidae by him, but in 2011 Wolfram Mey re-recognised ''Plexippica'', synonymised ''Kruegerius'' with ''Plexippica'', moved the genus to the Pterolonchidae yet again, and described a new second species in the genus.
Three years later, in 2014, a cladistic
Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...
analysis by Heikkilä ''et al''. added the genera ''Homaledra
''Homaledra'' is a small genus of at least four species small moth of the family Pterolonchidae native to North and South America.
Taxonomy
It was included in the family Coleophoridae by Ron Hodges in 1983. Hodges then moved it to the subfamily ...
'' and '' Houdinia'' to the Pterolonchidae from the family Batrachedridae
The Batrachedridae are a small family of tiny moths. These are small, slender moths which rest with their wings wrapped tightly around their bodies.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of this and related groups is often disputed.
This group was first propos ...
, moved the two enigmatic genera ''Coelopoeta
''Coelopoeta'' is a relatively divergent genus of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea, which have only been found in western North America.
Its relationships have been interpreted differently over the past century. It has been placed in ...
'' and ''Syringopais
''Syringopais'' is a moth genus. It is here placed in family Pterolonchidae, but its relationships are obscure and some authors instead ally it with the Gelechiidae, Autostichinae and/or Symmocidae and place it elsewhere in the Gelechioidea
__NOT ...
'' from respectively the Elachistidae
The Elachistidae (grass-miner moths) are a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. Some authors lump about 3,300 species in eight subfamilies here, but this arrangement almost certainly results in a massively paraphyletic and co ...
and the Deoclonidae as monotypic subfamilies within the Pterolonchidae, and two genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
were included besides the type genus
In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name.
Zoological nomenclature
According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal f ...
within a new subfamily Pterolonchinae:[
*Coelopoetinae ( Hodges, 1978)
**'']Coelopoeta
''Coelopoeta'' is a relatively divergent genus of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea, which have only been found in western North America.
Its relationships have been interpreted differently over the past century. It has been placed in ...
'' Walsingham
Walsingham () is a civil parish in North Norfolk, England, famous for its religious shrines in honour of Mary, mother of Jesus. It also contains the ruins of two medieval Christian monasticism, monastic houses.Ordnance Survey (2002). ''OS Exp ...
, 1907
*Pterolonchinae Meyrick
Meyrick is a surname and given name. Meyricke is a variant form.
Surname
* Edmund Meyrick (1636–1713), Welsh cleric
* Edward Meyrick (1854–1938), English schoolmaster and amateur entomologist
* Edward Meyrick Goulburn (1818–1897), English ...
, 1918
**'' Anathyrsa'' Meyrick, 1920
**'' Plexippica'' Meyrick, 1912
**''Pterolonche
''Pterolonche'' is small genus of small moths of the family Pterolonchidae.
Taxonomy
The genus was first circumscribed in 1847 by Philipp Christoph Zeller to include two new species. The type species is ''Pterolonche albescens''.
In 1984 Anto ...
'' Zeller Zeller, meaning both prisoner and monk in German, may refer to:
Places
*Zeller Ache, a river of Upper Austria
*Zeller Bach (Isar), a river of Bavaria, Germany, tributary of the Isar
* Zeller Bach (Memminger Ach), a river of Bavaria, Germany, tribut ...
, 1847
***''Pterolonche''
***''Agenjius'' Vives, 1987
***''Gomezbustillus'' Vives, 1987
*Syringopainae (Hodges, 1999)
**''Syringopais
''Syringopais'' is a moth genus. It is here placed in family Pterolonchidae, but its relationships are obscure and some authors instead ally it with the Gelechiidae, Autostichinae and/or Symmocidae and place it elsewhere in the Gelechioidea
__NOT ...
'' Hering, 1919
*Unplaced as to subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
**''Homaledra
''Homaledra'' is a small genus of at least four species small moth of the family Pterolonchidae native to North and South America.
Taxonomy
It was included in the family Coleophoridae by Ron Hodges in 1983. Hodges then moved it to the subfamily ...
'' Busck, 1900
**'' Houdinia'' Hoare, Dugdale & Watts
Watts is plural for ''watt'', the unit of power.
Watts may also refer to:
People
*Watts (surname), list of people with the surname Watts Fictional characters
*Watts, main character in the film '' Some Kind of Wonderful''
*Watts family, six chara ...
, 2006
Distribution
The genus ''Pterolonche'' is found around the Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ea ...
, occurring in Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
, Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
(including the ''Islas de Cabreras''), France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
, Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
(Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
, Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
), Malta
Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...
, Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...
, Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
, areas within the territory of the former Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label=Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija ...
, Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
, Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is geo ...
, Anatolia
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...
, Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
(Kurdistan Region
Kurdistan Region ( ku, هەرێمی کوردستان, translit=Herêmî Kurdistan; ar, إقليم كردستان), abbr. KRI, is an autonomous region in Iraq comprising the four Kurdish-majority governorates of Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, ...
), Lower Egypt
Lower Egypt ( ar, مصر السفلى '; ) is the northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea, from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur. Historically, ...
, eastern Tunisia
)
, image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa
, image_map2 =
, capital = Tunis
, largest_city = capital
, ...
, northwestern Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, relig ...
and northern Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to ...
.[ ''Anathyrsa'' is restricted to southern South Africa.][ The two ''Plexippica'' species are found in ]Southern Africa
Southern Africa is the southernmost subregion of the African continent, south of the Congo and Tanzania. The physical location is the large part of Africa to the south of the extensive Congo River basin. Southern Africa is home to a number of ...
.[
''Coelopoeta'' is native to western North America, from ]California
California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...
to the Yukon
Yukon (; ; formerly called Yukon Territory and also referred to as the Yukon) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three territories. It also is the second-least populated province or territory in Canada, with a population of 43,964 as ...
. The only species of ''Syringopais'',[ ''S. temperatella'', is found on ]Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is geo ...
, in Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with ...
and the Near East
The ''Near East''; he, המזרח הקרוב; arc, ܕܢܚܐ ܩܪܒ; fa, خاور نزدیک, Xāvar-e nazdik; tr, Yakın Doğu is a geographical term which roughly encompasses a transcontinental region in Western Asia, that was once the hist ...
from Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
and Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...
to western Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
.
Two species of ''Homaledra'' are known from South America, and two are from North America. ''Houdinia'' is restricted to an area in the north of the North Island
The North Island, also officially named Te Ika-a-Māui, is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the larger but much less populous South Island by the Cook Strait. The island's area is , making it the world's 14th-largest ...
of New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
.
Ecology
Both genera ''Anathyrsa'' and ''Pterolonche'' are nocturnal. In ''Pterolonche'' both sexes are attracted to lamps at night and are easy to collect.[ ''Syringopais temperatella'' ]imago
In biology, the imago (Latin for "image") is the last stage an insect attains during its metamorphosis, its process of growth and development; it is also called the imaginal stage, the stage in which the insect attains maturity. It follows the f ...
es are active both day and night in May in Turkey,[ and lay their eggs in the summer, with the caterpillars emerging in the winter and early spring.] ''Homaledra'' builds elaborate feeding chambers of silk under which the caterpillars hide.
''Coelopoeta'' caterpillars mine
Mine, mines, miners or mining may refer to:
Extraction or digging
* Miner, a person engaged in mining or digging
*Mining, extraction of mineral resources from the ground through a mine
Grammar
*Mine, a first-person English possessive pronoun
...
in the leaves of Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees and herbs in 146, to 156 genera with a worldwide distribution.
The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single family of the order ...
, which in one species creates a gall
Galls (from the Latin , 'oak-apple') or ''cecidia'' (from the Greek , anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants, fungi, or animals. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to be ...
-like deformation.[ ''Homaledra'' feeds on the undersides of the leaves of palms.][ ''Houdinia'' mines in ]Restionaceae
The Restionaceae, also called restiads and restios, are a family (biology), family of flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere; they vary from a few centimeters to 3 meters in height. Following the APG IV system, APG IV (2016): the fami ...
[ and ''Syringopais'' in ]grasses
Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and ...
.[
]
Uses
'' Pterolonche inspersa'' was released as a biological control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases, using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also invo ...
agent for knapweed, ''Centaurea diffusa
''Centaurea diffusa'', also known as diffuse knapweed, white knapweed or tumble knapweed, is a member of the genus ''Centaurea'' in the family Asteraceae. This species is common throughout western North America but is not actually native to the ...
'', in Colorado
Colorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of t ...
, Montana
Montana () is a state in the Mountain West division of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbi ...
, and Oregon
Oregon () is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of it ...
in the mid to late 1980s, although there was no known establishment of the species in the United States initially, it has since spread to Idaho
Idaho ( ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. To the north, it shares a small portion of the Canada–United States border with the province of British Columbia. It borders the states of Montana and Wyom ...
and British Columbia
British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, ...
. ''Syringopais temperatella'' is sometimes a major agricultural pest
A pest is any animal or plant harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environ ...
of wheat
Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain that is a worldwide staple food. The many species of wheat together make up the genus ''Triticum'' ; the most widely grown is common wheat (''T. aestivum''). The archaeologi ...
and barley
Barley (''Hordeum vulgare''), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Globally 70% of barley pr ...
in Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is geo ...
, Jordan
Jordan ( ar, الأردن; tr. ' ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,; tr. ' is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan Rive ...
, Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
and Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
.
References
See also Gelechioidea Talk page for comparison of some approaches to gelechioid systematics and taxonomy.
{{Taxonbar, from=Q835674
Gelechioidea
Moth families