Syrian Popes

This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the '' Annuario Pontificio'' under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes. Published every year by the Roman Curia, the ''Annuario Pontificio'' no longer #Numbering of popes, identifies popes by regnal number, stating that it is impossible to decide which pope represented the legitimate succession at various times. The 2001 edition of the ''Annuario Pontificio'' introduced "almost 200 corrections to its existing biographies of the popes, from St Peter to John Paul II". The corrections concerned dates, especially in the first two centuries, birthplaces and the family name of one pope.

The term ''Pope (word), pope'' ( la, text=papa, translation=father) is used in several churches to denote their high spiritual leaders (for example Coptic pope). This title in English usage usually refers to the head of the Catholic Church. The Catholic pope uses various titles by tradition, including ''Summus Pontifex'', ''Pontifex Maximus'', and ''Servus servorum Dei''. Each title has been added by unique historical events and unlike other papal prerogatives, is not incapable of modification.

Hermannus Contractus may have been the first historian to number the popes continuously. His list ends in 1049 with Leo IX as number 154. Several changes were made to the list during the 20th century. Antipope Christopher, Christopher was considered a legitimate pope for a long time but was removed due to how he obtained the papacy. Pope-elect Stephen was listed as Stephen II until the 1961 edition, when his name was removed. The decisions of the Council of Pisa (1409) were reversed in 1963 in a reinterpretation of the Western Schism, extending Gregory XII's pontificate to 1415 and classifying rival claimants Antipope Alexander V, Alexander V and Antipope John XXIII, John XXIII as antipopes.

A significant number of these popes have been List of canonised popes, recognized as saints, including 48 out of the first 50 consecutive popes, and others are in the sainthood process. Of the first 31 popes, 28 died as martyrs (see List of murdered popes).

Chronological list of popes

1st millennium

1st century

2nd century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, c. 199 –
c. 200

, ''Antipope Natalius, Natalius''

, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Italia, Roman Empire
, style="font-size:85%", —
, style="font-size:85%", Roman. In opposition to pope Pope Zephyrinus, Zephyrinus. Later reconciled.

3rd century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 217 –
235

, ''St Hippolytus of Rome, Hippolytus''

, style="font-size:85%", c. 170 AD Asia (Roman province), Asia Minor, Roman Empire
, style="font-size:85%", 47 / 65
, style="font-size:85%", Greek. In opposition to Callixtus I, Urban I and Pope Pontian, Pontian. Later reconciled with Pontian (see below).

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, March 251 –
258

, ''Novatian''

, style="font-size:85%", c. 200–20 AD Rome, Italia, Roman Empire
, style="font-size:85%", 31–51 / 38–58
, style="font-size:85%", Roman. Founder of Novatianism. In opposition to Pope Cornelius, Cornelius, Lucius I, Pope Stephen I, Stephen I and Sixtus II.

4th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 355 –
22 November 365

, ''Antipope Felix II, Felix II''

, style="font-size:85%", c. 300 AD Rome, Italy, Roman Empire
, style="font-size:85%", 55 / 65
, style="font-size:85%", Roman. In opposition to Pope Liberius. Installed by Arian-leaning Emperor Constantius II.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 1 October 366 –
16 November 367

, ''Antipope Ursicinus, Ursinus''

, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Italy, Roman Empire
, style="font-size:85%", —
, style="font-size:85%", Roman. In opposition to Damasus I. Banished to Gallia by Emperor Valentinian II after a war between two sects and died after 384.

5th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 27 December 418 –
3 April 419

, ''Antipope Eulalius, Eulalius''

, style="font-size:85%", c. 350–80 AD Rome, Italy, Roman Empire
, style="font-size:85%", 68–38 / 69–39 (†72–42)
, style="font-size:85%", Roman. In opposition to Pope Boniface I. Elected on the eve of the election of Boniface, first benefited from the support of the emperor Honorius (emperor), Honorius, but lost it quickly. Exiled in Campania, and died in 423.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 22 November 498 –
Aug 506/8

, ''Antipope Laurentius, Laurence''

, style="font-size:85%", c. 460 AD Rome, Italy, Western Roman Empire
, style="font-size:85%", 38 / 46 (†48)
, style="font-size:85%", Roman. In opposition to Pope Symmachus, Symmachus. Elected on the same day as Symachus, King Theoderic the Great, Theodoric settled in favor of his adversary. Took control of Rome in 501 and remained pope in fact until he died in 506/08.

6th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 22 September 530 –
14 October 530

, ''Antipope Dioscorus, Dioscore''

, style="font-size:85%", Alexandria, Egypt, Aegyptus, Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire
, style="font-size:85%", —
, style="font-size:85%", Greek. In opposition to Pope Boniface II. Candidate of the Byzantine party, elected by the majority of the cardinals and recognized by Constantinople, he died less than a month after his election.

7th century

8th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 22 March 752 –
25 March 752


,
, Pope-elect Stephen, Stephen

, Stephanus
, style="font-size:85%", c. 700 Rome, Duchy of Rome
(formally Eastern Roman Empire)
, style="font-size:85%", 52 / 52
, style="font-size:85%", Roman. Previously known as Stephen II. Died three days after his election, having never received episcopal consecration. Some lists still include him. The Vatican sanctioned his addition in the sixteenth century; removed in 1961. He is no longer considered a pope by the Catholic Church.

9th century

10th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, October 903 –
January 904


, ''Antipope Christopher, Christopher''

, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", —
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Leo V, Leo V.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 6 December 963 –
26 February 964


, ''Pope Leo VIII, Leo VIII''

, style="font-size:85%", c. 915 Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", 48 / 49
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. Appointed antipope by Emperor Otto in 963 in opposition to Pope John XII, John XII and Pope Benedict V, Benedict V. His pontificate after the deposition of Benedict V is considered legitimate by the modern Catholic Church.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, July 974 –
July 974


, ''Antipope Boniface VII, Boniface VII''

, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", —
, style="font-size:85%", Italian, born Francone Ferucci. In opposition to Pope Benedict VI, Benedict VI and Pope Benedict VII, Benedict VII.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 20 August 984 –
20 July 985


, ''Antipope Boniface VII, Boniface VII''

, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", —
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope John XIV, John XIV and Pope John XV, John XV

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, April 997 –
February 998


, ''Antipope John XVI, John XVI''

, style="font-size:85%", c. 941 Rossano, Rossanum, Calabria, Italy, Eastern Roman Empire
, style="font-size:85%", 55 / 56 (†60)
, style="font-size:85%", Greek. In opposition to Pope Gregory V, Gregory V

2nd millennium

11th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 12 June 1012 –
31 December 1012

,
, ''Antipope Gregory VI, Gregory VI''

, Gregorio
, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", —
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Benedict VIII, Benedict VIII

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 4 April 1058 –
24 January 1059

,
, ''Antipope Benedict X, Benedict X''

, Giovanni Mincio di Tuscolo
, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", —
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Nicholas II, Nicholas II.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, Papal election, 1061, 30 September 1061 –
1072

,
, ''Antipope Honorius II, Honorius II''

, Pietro Candalus
, style="font-size:85%", 1010 Verona, Holy Roman Empire
, style="font-size:85%", 61 / 72
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Alexander II

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 25 June 1080 –
8 September 1100

,
, ''Antipope Clement III, Clement III''

, Pietro Cadnalus
, style="font-size:85%", 1010 Verona, Holy Roman Empire
, style="font-size:85%", 61 / 72
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Gregory VII, Pope Victor III, Pope Urban II and Pope Paschal II.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 8 September 1100 –
January 1101

,
, ''Antipope Theodoric, Theodoric''

, Teodorico
, style="font-size:85%", c. 1030 Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", 70 / 71
, style="font-size:85%", Lombard. In opposition to Pope Paschal II

12th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, January 1101 –
February 1102

,
, ''Antipope Adalbert, Adalbert''

, Adalberto
Order of Saint Benedict, O.S.B.
, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", —
, style="font-size:85%", Lombard. In opposition to Pope Paschal II

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —
, 8 November 1105 –
11 April 1111

,
, ''Antipope Sylvester IV, Sylvester IV''

, Maguinulf
, style="font-size:85%", 1050 Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", 49 / 55 (†56)
, style="font-size:85%", German. In opposition to Pope Paschal II, Paschal II.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, 10 March 1118 –
20 April 1121

,
, ''Antipope Gregory VIII, Gregory VIII''

, Maurice Baurdain
, style="font-size:85%", c. 1060 Limousin (province), Limousin, Occitania, France
, style="font-size:85%", 58 / 61 (†77)
, style="font-size:85%", French (Occitan). In opposition to Pope Gelasius II, Gelasius II and Pope Callixtus II, Callixtus II.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, Papal election, 1124, 16 December 1124–
16 December 1124

,
, ''Teobaldo Boccapecci, Celestine II''

, Teobaldo Boccapecora
, style="font-size:85%", 1050 Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", 74 / 74 (†76)
, style="font-size:85%", French. In opposition to Pope Honorius II, Honorius II.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, Papal election, 1130, 14 February 1130 –
25 January 1138

,
, ''Antipope Anacletus II, Anacletus II''

, Pietro Pierleoni
Order of Saint Benedict, O.S.B.
, style="font-size:85%", 1090 Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", 40 / 48
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Innocent II, Innocent II.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, 23 March 1138 –
25 March 1138

,
, ''Antipope Victor IV (1138), Victor IV''

, Gregorio Conti
, style="font-size:85%", Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", —
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In Opposition to Pope Innocent II

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, Papal election, 1159, 7 September 1159 –
20 April 1164

,
, ''Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164), Victor IV''

, Ottaviano dei Crescenzi Ottaviani di Monticelli
, style="font-size:85%", 1095 Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", 64 / 69
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Alexander III.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, 28 April 1164 –
22 September 1168

,
, ''Antipope Paschal III, Paschal III''

, Guido di Crema
, style="font-size:85%", 1110 Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", 54 / 58
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Alexander III, Alexander III.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, 30 September 1168 –
29 August 1178

,
, ''Antipope Callixtus III, Callixtus III''

, Giovanni di Struma
Order of Saint Benedict, O.S.B.
, style="font-size:85%", 1090 Rome, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", 78 / 88
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Alexander III, Alexander III.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, 29 September 1179 –
January 1180

,
, ''Antipope Innocent III, Innocent III''

, Lando di Sezze (or Lanzo)
, style="font-size:85%", 1120 Sezze, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", 59 / 60 (†63)
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope Alexander III, Alexander III.

13th century

14th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, 12 May 1328–
25 July 1330

,
, ''Antipope Nicholas V, Nicholas V''

, Pietro Rainalducci,
Order of Friars Minor, O.F.M.
, style="font-size:85%", 1260 Corvaro, Papal States
, style="font-size:85%", 68 / 70 (†73)
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. In opposition to Pope John XXII, John XXII.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, 20 September 1378 –
16 September 1394

,
, ''Antipope Clement VII, Clement VII''

, Robert de Genève
, style="font-size:85%", 1342 Chateau d'Annecy, County of Savoy, Holy Roman Empire, H.R.E.
, style="font-size:85%", 36 / 52
, style="font-size:85%", French. In opposition to Pope Urban VI, Urban VI (1378–89) and Pope Boniface IX, Boniface IX (1389–1404)

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, 28 September 1394 –
23 May 1423

,
, ''Antipope Benedict XIII, Benedict XIII''

, Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor
, style="font-size:85%", 25 November 1328 Illueca, Aragon
, style="font-size:85%", 66 / 94
, style="font-size:85%", Spanish. In opposition to Pope Boniface IX, Boniface IX (1389–1404), Pope Innocent VII, Innocent VII (1404–06), Pope Gregory XII, Gregory XII (1406–15), Pope Martin V, Martin V (1417–31) and Pisan Antipopes Antipope Alexander V, Alexander V (1409–10) and Antipope John XXIII, John XXIII (1410–15)

15th century

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, Council of Pisa, 30 June 1409 –
3 May 1410

,
, ''Antipope Alexander V, Alexander V''

, Pétros Philárgēs,
Order of Friars Minor, O.F.M.
, style="font-size:85%", 1339 Candia Lomellina, Lombardy, Duchy of Milan
, style="font-size:85%", 70 / 71
, style="font-size:85%", Greek. Western Schism. In opposition to Pope Gregory XII, Gregory XII. Considered a legitimate pope until 1963 and is numbered as such to this day.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, 25 May 1410 –
30 May 1415

,
, ''Antipope John XXIII, John XXIII''

, Baldassarre Cossa
, style="font-size:85%", 1365 Procida, Kingdom of Naples, Naples
, style="font-size:85%", 45 / 50 (†54)
, style="font-size:85%", Italian. Western Schism. In opposition to Pope Gregory XII, Gregory XII. Convened Council of Constance. Abdicated. Became dean of the College of Cardinals in 1417. Was considered a legitimate pope until 1958.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, 10 or 20 June 1423 –
26 July 1429

,
, ''Antipope Clement VIII, Clement VIII''

, Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón
, style="font-size:85%", 1369 Teruel, Aragon
, style="font-size:85%", 54 / 60 (†77)
, style="font-size:85%", Spanish. Western Schism. In opposition to Pope Martin V, Martin V.

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" ,
, 1424 –
1429

,
, ''Antipope Benedict XIV''
, Bernard Garnier
, style="font-size:85%", France
, style="font-size:85%",
, style="font-size:85%", Two antipope claimants

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" ,
, 1430 –
1437

,
, ''Antipope Benedict XIV''
, Jean Carrier
, style="font-size:85%", France
, style="font-size:85%",
, style="font-size:85%", Two antipope claimants

, - style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
, style="text-align:center;" , —

, Council of Basel, 5 November 1439 –
7 April 1449

,
, ''Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, Felix V''

, Amadeus
, style="font-size:85%", 4 September 1383 Chambéry, France
, style="font-size:85%", 56 / 65 (†67)
, style="font-size:85%", French. In opposition to Pope Eugene IV, Eugene IV and Nicholas V. Also ruled as count of Savoy.

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

, -

3rd millennium

21st century

Longest-living pope on record.

Religious orders

51 popes and 6 Antipope, antipopes (in italics) have been members of Catholic religious order, religious orders, including 12 members of third orders. They are listed by order as follows:

Numbering of popes

Regnal numbers follow the usual convention for European monarchs. Popes with unique names are not identified by ordinals. Antipopes are treated as pretenders, and their numbers are reused by those considered to be legitimate popes. However, there are anomalies in the numbering of the popes. Several numbers were mistakenly increased in the Middle Ages because the records were misunderstood. Several antipopes were also kept in the sequence, either by mistake or because they were previously considered to be true popes.

* Alexander: Antipope Alexander V (1409–1410) was listed in the ''Annuario Pontificio'' as a legitimate pope until the 20th century, when the Pisan popes were reclassified as antipopes. There had already been three more Alexanders by then, so there is now a gap in the numbering sequence.
* Donus: The name has only been used by one pope. The apocryphal Pope Donus II resulted from confusion between the Latin word ''dominus'' (lord) and the name Donus.
* Felix: Antipope Felix II (356–357) was kept in the numbering sequence.
* John: The Pope John numbering, numbering of the Johns is particularly confused. In the modern sequence, the Johns are identified by the numbers they used during their reigns.
** Antipope John XVI (997–998) was kept in the numbering sequence.
** Pope John XXI (1276–1277) chose to skip the number XX, believing that there had been another John between XIV and XV. In reality, John XIV had been counted twice.
** By the 16th century, the numbering error had been conflated with legends about a female Pope Joan, whom some authors called John VIII. She was never listed in the ''Annuario Pontificio''.
** Antipope John XXIII (1410–1415) was listed in the ''Annuario Pontificio'' as a legitimate pope until the 20th century. After the Pisan popes were classified as antipopes, Pope John XXIII (1958–1963) chose to reuse the number, citing "twenty-two [sic] Johns of indisputable legitimacy."
* Martin: Pope Martin I (649–655) is followed by Martin IV (1281–1285). Due to the similarity between the Latin names ''Marinus'' and ''Martinus'', Pope Marinus I, Marinus I and Pope Marinus II, Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and III.
* Stephen: Pope-elect Stephen (752) died before being consecrated. He was previously known as Stephen II, but the Vatican removed him from the official list of popes in 1961. The remaining Stephens are now numbered Pope Stephen II (752–757) to Pope Stephen IX (1057–1058).

See also

* Annuario Pontificio
*History of the papacy
*Index of Vatican City-related articles
*Legends surrounding the papacy
*Liber Pontificalis
*Papal name
*Papal appointment
*Pope John (numbering)
*Prophecy of the Popes

Lists

*List of canonised popes
*List of murdered popes
*List of popes by nationality
*List of popes from the Borgia family
*List of popes from the Conti family
*List of popes from the Medici family
*:Popes, List of popes sorted alphabetically
*List of sexually active popes
*List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State
*List of popes (graphical)

Notes

References

Sources

* ''The Early Papacy: To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451'', Adrian Fortescue, Ignatius Press, 2008.
* ''The Oxford Dictionary of Popes'', John N.D. Kelly, Oxford University Press, 1986.
* ''Catholicism'', Henri de Lubac, Ignatius Press, 1988.
* ''Rome and the Eastern Churches'', Aidan Nichols, Ignatius Press, 2010.
* ''I Papi. Venti secoli di storia'', Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2002.
* ''Rome Sweet Home'', Scott Hahn, Ignatius Press, 1993.
* ''Enciclopedia dei Papi'', AA.VV., Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, 2000.

External links

Catholic Online: The List of PopesPopes & Anti-Popes

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