''Symphurus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of li ...

in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Cynoglossidae found in the

Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe an ...

Indian Indian or Indians may refer to: Peoples South Asia * Indian people, people of Indian nationality, or people who have an Indian ancestor ** Non-resident Indian, a citizen of India who has temporarily emigrated to another country * South Asia ...

and

Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continen ...

. Most

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including

estuaries An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environment ...

. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' S. thermophilus'' that lives at

hydrothermal vent A hydrothermal vent is a fissure on the seabed from which geothermally heated water discharges. They are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at mid-ocean ridges, ocean basins, and hotspot ...

s (the only

flatfish A flatfish is a member of the Ray-finned fish, ray-finned demersal fish order (biology), order Pleuronectiformes, also called the Heterosomata, sometimes classified as a suborder of Perciformes. In many species, both eyes lie on one side of the ...

known from this habitat).Tyler, J. (2005): Distribution, population characteristics and trophic ecology of a sulphophilic hydrothermal vent tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae). ''Master of Science. Thesis. University of Victoria: Canada.''Munroe, T.A. & Hashimoto, J. (2008): A new Western Pacific Tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae): The first Pleuronectiform discovered at active Hydrothermal Vents. ''Zootaxa, 1839: 43–59.'' These species are distinguished by merged

dorsal Dorsal (from Latin ''dorsum'' ‘back’) may refer to: * Dorsal (anatomy), an anatomical term of location referring to the back or upper side of an organism or parts of an organism * Dorsal, positioned on top of an aircraft's fuselage * Dorsal c ...

, caudal and

anal fin Fins are distinctive anatomical features composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish. They are covered with skin and joined together either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as se ...

s, the absence of a

lateral line The lateral line, also called the lateral line organ (LLO), is a system of sensory organs found in fish, used to detect movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the surrounding water. The sensory ability is achieved via modified epithelial ...

and

pectoral fin Fins are distinctive anatomical features composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish. They are covered with skin and joined together either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as ...

s, and the presence of only one pelvic fin. They are sinistral flatfishes, meaning that as

adult An adult is a human or other animal that has reached full growth. In human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a " minor", a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of major ...

s, their crania are asymmetrical, with both eyes on the left side. The largest species grows to about long.

Species

There are currently 78 recognized species in this genus: * '' Symphurus arawak'' C. R. Robins & J. E. Randall, 1965 (Caribbean tonguefish) * '' Symphurus atramentatus'' D. S. Jordan & Bollman, 1890 (Ink-spot tonguefish) * '' Symphurus atricaudus'' ( D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (California tonguefish) * '' Symphurus australis''

McCulloch McCulloch is a Scottish surname. It's a variation of the Northern Irish surname McCullough. It's commonly found in Galloway. Notable people with the surname include: *Alan McCulloch (politician), New Zealand politician *Alan McLeod McCulloch ( ...

, 1907 * ''

Symphurus bathyspilus ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' Krabbenhoft & Munroe, 2003 * '' Symphurus billykrietei'' Munroe, 1998 (Kriete's tonguefish) * '' Symphurus callopterus'' Munroe &

Mahadeva Mahadeva may refer to: Religion *Mahadeva, a title of the Hindu god Shiva ** Parashiva, a form of Shiva ** Parameshwara (god), a form of Shiva *Para Brahman, a Hindu deity *Adi-Buddha, in Buddhism, the "First Buddha" or the "Primordial Buddha" *M ...

, 1989 (Chocolate tonguefish) * '' Symphurus caribbeanus'' Munroe, 1991 * '' Symphurus chabanaudi''

& Munroe, 1990 (Chabanaud's tonguefish) * ''

Symphurus civitatium ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' Ginsburg, 1951 (Offshore tonguefish) * ''

Symphurus diabolicus ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

& Munroe, 1990 (Devil's tonguefish) * '' Symphurus diomedeanus'' ( Goode & T. H. Bean, 1885) (Spotted-fin tonguefish) * '' Symphurus elongatus'' ( Günther, 1868) (Elongated tonguefish) * '' Symphurus fasciolaris'' C. H. Gilbert, 1892 (Banded tonguefish) * '' Symphurus fuscus'' A. B. Brauer, 1906 * '' Symphurus gilesii'' ( Alcock, 1889) * '' Symphurus ginsburgi''

Menezes Menezes, sometimes Meneses, was originally a Portuguese toponymic surname which originated in Montes Torozos, a region in Tierra de Campos, northeast of Valladolid and southeast of Palencia. The ancestor of the Meneses lineage was Tello Pérez de ...

& Benvegnú, 1976 (Ginsburg's tonguefish) * ''

Symphurus gorgonae ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family (biology), family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species ...

'' Chabanaud, 1948 (Gorgonian tonguefish) * '' Symphurus holothuriae'' Chabanaud, 1948 * ''

Symphurus hondoensis ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' C. L. Hubbs, 1915 * '' Symphurus insularis'' Munroe, Brito & C. Hernández, 2000 * ''

Symphurus jenynsi ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' Evermann & Kendall, 1906 (Jenyn's tonguefish) * '' Symphurus kyaropterygium''

& Benvegnú, 1976 * '' Symphurus leei'' D. S. Jordan & Bollman, 1890 (Lee's tonguefish) * ''

Symphurus leucochilus ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' M. Y. Lee, Munroe & K. T. Shao, 2014 Lee, M.-Y., Munroe, T.A. & Shao, K.-T. (2014): Description of a new cryptic, shallow-water tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: ''Symphurus'') from the western North Pacific Ocean. ''Journal of Fish Biology, 85 (3): 563–585.'' * '' Symphurus ligulatus'' (

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, 1844) * '' Symphurus longirostris'' M. Y. Lee, Munroe & Y. Kai, 2016 (Long-snout tonguefish) Lee, M.-Y., Munroe, T.A. & Kai, Y. (2016): Description of a new cryptic species of tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: ''Symphurus'') from shallow waters off Japan. ''Ichthyological Research, 64 (1): 71–83.'' * ''

Symphurus lubbocki ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain ...

'' Munroe, 1990 * ''

Symphurus luzonensis ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' Chabanaud, 1955 * '' Symphurus macrophthalmus''

Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norm ...

, 1939 * '' Symphurus maculopinnis'' Munroe, J. Tyler & Tunnicliffe, 2011 Munroe, T.A., Tyler, J. & Tunnicliffe, V. (2011): Description and biological observations on a new species of deepwater symphurine tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: ''Symphurus'') collected at Volcano–19, Tonga Arc, West Pacific Ocean. ''Zootaxa, 3061: 53-66.'' * '' Symphurus maldivensis'' Chabanaud, 1955 * ''

Symphurus marginatus ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' ( Goode & T. H. Bean, 1886) (Margined tonguefish) * ''

Symphurus marmoratus ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' Fowler, 1934 * '' Symphurus megasomus'' M. Y. Lee, H. M. Chen & K. T. Shao, 2009 (Giant tonguefish) * '' Symphurus melanurus'' H. W. Clark, 1936 (Drab tonguefish) * '' Symphurus melasmatotheca'' Munroe & Nizinski, 1990 (Black-stripe tonguefish) * '' Symphurus microlepis''

Garman Garman is a surname or first name. Notable people with the name include: Sports * Ann Garman, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player * Judi Garman (born 1954), American softball coach * Mike Garman (born 1949), American baseball pla ...

, 1899 (Small-fin tonguefish) * ''

Symphurus microrhynchus ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' ( M. C. W. Weber, 1913) * ''

Symphurus minor ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' Ginsburg, 1951 (Large-scale tonguefish) * '' Symphurus monostigmus'' Munroe, 2006 * ''

Symphurus multimaculatus ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' M. Y. Lee, Munroe & H. M. Chen, 2009 (Pepper-dot tonguefish) * '' Symphurus nebulosus'' ( Goode & T. H. Bean, 1883) (Freckled tonguefish) * '' Symphurus nigrescens''

Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; October 22, 1783September 18, 1840) was a French 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimat ...

, 1810 (Tonguefish) * '' Symphurus normani'' Chabanaud, 1950 (Norman's tonguefish) * '' Symphurus novemfasciatus'' S. C. Shen & W. W. Lin, 1984 * '' Symphurus ocellaris'' Munroe & D. R. Robertson, 2005 (Ring-tail tonguefish) * ''

Symphurus ocellatus ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' von Bonde, 1922 (Double-spot tonguefish) * '' Symphurus oculellus'' Munroe, 1991 * ''

Symphurus oligomerus ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

& Munroe, 1990 (Spot-fin tonguefish) * '' Symphurus ommaspilus'' J. E. Böhlke, 1961 (Ocellated tonguefish) * '' Symphurus orientalis'' (

Bleeker Bleeker is a Dutch occupational surname. Bleeker is an old spelling of ''(linnen)bleker'' ("linen bleacher").Symphurus parvus'' Ginsburg, 1951 (Pygmy tonguefish) * '' Symphurus pelicanus'' Ginsburg, 1951 (Long-tail tonguefish) * '' Symphurus piger'' ( Goode & T. H. Bean, 1886) (Deep-water tonguefish) * '' Symphurus plagiusa'' (

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

, 1766) (Black-cheek tonguefish) * '' Symphurus plagusia'' (

Bloch Bloch is a surname of German origin. Notable people with this surname include: A–F * (1859-1914), French rabbi *Adele Bloch-Bauer (1881-1925), Austrian entrepreneur *Albert Bloch (1882–1961), American painter * (born 1972), German motor journal ...

& J. G. Schneider, 1801) (Dusky-cheek tonguefish) * '' Symphurus prolatinaris'' Munroe, Nizinski &

, 1991 (Half-striped tonguefish) * '' Symphurus pusillus'' ( Goode & T. H. Bean, 1885) (Northern tonguefish) * ''

Symphurus regani ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' M. C. W. Weber & de Beaufort, 1929 * '' Symphurus reticulatus'' Munroe, 1990 * '' Symphurus rhytisma'' J. E. Böhlke, 1961 (Patch-tail tonguefish) * '' Symphurus schultzi'' Chabanaud, 1955 * '' Symphurus septemstriatus'' ( Alcock, 1891) (Seven-band tonguefish) * '' Symphurus stigmosus'' Munroe, 1998 (Blotch-fin tonguefish) * ''

Symphurus strictus ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' C. H. Gilbert, 1905 (Black-belly tonguefish) * '' Symphurus tessellatus'' ( Quoy &

Gaimard Joseph Paul Gaimard (31 January 1793 – 10 December 1858) was a French naval surgeon and naturalist. Biography Gaimard was born at Saint-Zacharie on January 31, 1793. He studied medicine at the naval medical school in Toulon, subsequent ...

, 1824) * ''

Symphurus thermophilus ''Symphurus thermophilus'' is a species of tonguefish notable for being the only flatfish known to be an obligate inhabitant of hydrothermal vents. It is known from several widely dispersed locations in the western Pacific Ocean and occurs in gre ...

'' Munroe & Hashimoto, 2008 (Western Pacific tonguefish) * ''

Symphurus trewavasae ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' Chabanaud, 1948 (Trewavas' tonguefish) * '' Symphurus trifasciatus'' ( Alcock, 1894) (Three-band tonguefish) * '' Symphurus undatus'' C. H. Gilbert, 1905 * '' Symphurus undecimplerus'' Munroe & Nizinski, 1990 (Dark-cheek tonguefish) * ''

Symphurus urospilus ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

'' Ginsburg, 1951 (Spot-tail tonguefish) * '' Symphurus vanmelleae'' Chabanaud, 1952 (Vanmelle's tonguefish) * ''

Symphurus variegatus ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family (biology), family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species ...

'' ( Gilchrist, 1903) * ''

Symphurus varius ''Symphurus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including '' ...

, 1899 (Mottled tonguefish) * '' Symphurus williamsi'' D. S. Jordan &

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, 1895 (William's tonguefish) * '' Symphurus woodmasoni'' ( Alcock, 1889)

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2785579 Cynoglossidae Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Marine fish genera