The Symmocinae are a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...

s in the

superfamily SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...

Gelechioidea __NOTOC__ Gelechioidea (from the type genus ''Gelechia'', "keeping to the ground") is the superfamily of moths that contains the case-bearers, twirler moths, and relatives, also simply called curved-horn moths or gelechioid moths. It is a large a ...

. These small moths are found mainly in the

Palearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sibe ...

and

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

. In modern treatments, they are usually united with the

concealer moth Oecophoridae (concealer moths) is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. The phylogeny and systematics of gelechoid moths are still not fully resolved, and the circumscription of the Oecophoridae is strongly affected by this. ...

family

Autostichidae Autostichidae is a family of moths in the moth superfamily SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, es ...

History of classification

They have traditionally been considered close relatives of the

Blastobasidae The Blastobasidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. Its species can be found almost anywhere in the world, though in some places they are not native but introduced by humans. In some arrangements, these moths are included in t ...

, where they were sometimes included as

''Symmocinae''. In arrangements that include the former in the

case-bearer __NOTOC__ The Coleophoridae are a family of small moths, belonging to the huge superfamily Gelechioidea. Collectively known as case-bearers, casebearing moths or case moths, this family is represented on all continents, but the majority are found ...

family (Coleophoridae) as subfamily Blastobasinae, the Symmocidae were usually treated as

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

''Symmocini''. Alternatively, they have been united with the Holcopogonidae; in such a treatment the combined group is typically not included in the concealer moth family (Oecophoridae) but treated as distinct family Autostichidae or Symmocidae, with the respective subfamilies downranked to tribes. Another group proposed to be a close relative is the Xyloryctinae, usually included in the Oecophoridae wherever the Symmocidae are. More recently, with additional data and

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

analyses becoming available, the Symmocidae are reinstated as a family in their own right, pending further study of gelechioid interrelationships. Regardless of their systematic position and taxonomic rank, the group was usually divided into two groups, one centered on '' Oegoconia'' and the other encompassing those

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

closer to '' Symmoca''. The former is called ''Oegoconiinae'' or ''Oegoconiini'' and the latter Symmocinae or Symmocini, depending on whether the overall group is treated as family or subfamily. While the overall circumscription and the relationships of the Symmocidae are essentially unresolved, the Oegoconiinae-Symmocinae subdivision seems to be quite well warranted.

Taxonomy and systematics

Genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

of Symmocinae are:ABRS (2008), FE (2009), and see references in Savela (2001) Symmocini * '' Ambloma'' Walsingham,

908 __NOTOC__ Year 908 ( CMVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * May 15 – The three-year-old Constantine VII, the son of Emperor L ...

/small> * '' Amselina'' Gozmány, 1957 * '' Apiletria'' Lederer, 1855 * '' Aprominta'' Gozmány, 1957 * '' Catasphalma'' Gozmány, 1957 * '' Chersogenes'' Walsingham, 1908 * '' Donaspastus'' Gozmány, 1952 * '' Dysspastus'' Gozmány, 1964 * '' Epanastasis'' Walsingham, 1908 * '' Metaxitagma'' Gozmány, 1985 * ''

Nukusa ''Nukusa'' is a Palearctic moth genus in the family Autostichidae. Species * ''Nukusa cinerella'' (Rebel, 1941) * ''Nukusa praeditella'' (Rebel, 1891) References External links Images representing '' Nukusa''
at Consortium for the Barcode ...

'' Gozmány, 1963 * '' Orpecacantha'' Gozmány, 2008 * '' Orpecovalva'' Gozmány, 1964 * '' Pantacordis'' Gozmány, 1954 * '' Stibaromacha'' Meyrick, 1928 * '' Symmoca'' Hübner, 1825 * '' Symmocoides'' Amsel, 1939 * '' Telephirca'' Gozmány, 1957 Unknown placement * '' Acrosyntaxis'' Gozmány, 1957 * '' Afrosymmoca'' Gozmány, 1966 * '' Aspronympha'' Gozmány, 2008 * '' Chionellidea'' Amsel, 1940 * '' Concordaxis'' Gozmány, 2008 * '' Cornusymmoca'' Gozmány, 1965 * '' Dyscordaxis'' Gozmány, 1975 * '' Eremica'' Walsingham, 1904 * '' Eremicamura'' Gozmány, 1962 * '' Gerdana'' Busck, 1908 * '' Hecestoptera'' Gozmány, 1961 * '' Hieronala'' Gozmány, 1963 * '' Indiospastus'' Gozmány, 1967 * '' Kertomesis'' Gozmány, 1962 * '' Kullashara'' Gozmány, 1963 * '' Leilaptera'' Gozmány, 1963 * '' Morotripta'' Meyrick, 1917 * '' Mylothra'' Meyrick, 1907 * '' Nastoceras'' Chrétien in Oberthür, 1922 * '' Nestorellus'' Gerasimov, 1930 * †''

Oegoconiites ''Oegoconiites'' is an extinct moth genus in the family Autostichidae. It contains the species ''Oegoconiites borisjaki'', which was described from Baltic amber The Baltic region is home to the largest known deposit of amber, called Baltic ...

'' Kusnetsov, 1941 * '' Pecteneremus'' Gozmány, 1963 * '' Sagarancona'' Gozmány, 1964 * '' Sceptea'' Walsingham, 1911 * '' Serendipitia'' Gozmány, 2008 * '' Spinitibia'' Lee & Brown, 2010 * '' Symmacantha'' Gozmány, 1963 * †''

Symmocites ''Symmocites'' is an extinct moth genus in the family Autostichidae. It contains the species ''Symmocites rohdendorfi'', which was described from Baltic amber The Baltic region is home to the largest known deposit of amber, called Baltic a ...

'' Kusnetsov, 1941 * '' Synchordaxis'' Gozmány, 2008 * '' Syssymmoca'' Gozmány, 1963 * ''

Taygete In Classical Greek mythology, Taygete el, Ταϋγέτη, , ) was a nymph, one of the Pleiades according to the '' Bibliotheca'' (3.10.1) and a companion of Artemis, in her archaic role as '' potnia theron'', "Mistress of the animals", with its ...

'' Chambers, 1873 * '' Tenieta'' Amsel, 1942 * '' Xenoplaxa'' Gozmány, 1963 '' Ambloma'' is sometimes placed in the Symmocinae, but others consider it a member of the

Gelechiidae The Gelechiidae are a family of moths commonly referred to as twirler moths or gelechiid moths. They are the namesake family of the huge and little-studied superfamily Gelechioidea, and the family's taxonomy has been subject to considerable dis ...

Footnotes

References

* (2008): Australian Faunal Directory &ndash
Symmocidae
Version of 2008-OCT-09. Retrieved 2010-APR-29. * (2009)
Symmocinae
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Symmocinae
_'sic''.html"_;"title="sic.html"_;"title="'sic">'sic''">sic.html"_;"title="'sic">'sic''_Version_of_2001-NOV-08._Retrieved_2010-APR-29. *__(2008)
Coleophoridae
_Version_of_2008-MAY-01._Retrieved_2010-APR-28. {{Taxonbar.html" ;"title="sic">' 'sic''">sic.html"_;"title="'sic">'sic''_Version_2.1,_2009-DEC-22._Retrieved_2010-APR-29. *__(2001):_Markku_Savela's_Lepidoptera_and_some_other_life_forms_&ndash
Symmocinae
_'sic''.html"_;"title="sic.html"_;"title="'sic">'sic''">sic.html"_;"title="'sic">'sic''_Version_of_2001-NOV-08._Retrieved_2010-APR-29. *__(2008)
Coleophoridae
_Version_of_2008-MAY-01._Retrieved_2010-APR-28. {{Taxonbar">from=Q4419671 Symmocinae.html" ;"title="sic''.html" ;"title="sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic''">sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic'' Version 2.1, 2009-DEC-22. Retrieved 2010-APR-29. * (2001): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms &ndash
Symmocinae
'sic''.html" ;"title="sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic''">sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic'' Version of 2001-NOV-08. Retrieved 2010-APR-29. * (2008)
Coleophoridae
Version of 2008-MAY-01. Retrieved 2010-APR-28. {{Taxonbar">from=Q4419671 Symmocinae"> Autostichidae Moth subfamilies