Swietenia Macrophylla

''Swietenia macrophylla'', commonly known as mahogany, Honduran mahogany, Honduras mahogany, or big-leaf mahogany is a species of plant in the Meliaceae family. It is one of three species that yields genuine mahogany timber ( Swietenia), the others being '' Swietenia mahagoni'' and '' Swietenia humilis''. It is native to South America, Mexico and Central America, but naturalized in the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia and Hawaii, and cultivated in plantations and wind-breaks elsewhere.

Description

Wood

Mahogany wood is strong and is usually a source for furniture, musical instruments, ships, doors, coffins, decors.

Leaves

Mahogany is characterised by its large leaves (up to 45 cm long). The leaflets are even in number and are connected by a central midrib.

Fruits

The fruits are called "sky fruits" because of its upwards growth towards the sky. The fruits of mahogany can be measure to 40 cm in length, in a light grey to brown capsule. Each fruit capsule could contain 71 winged seeds.

Seeds

The seeds of mahogany can reach 7 to 12 cm long.

Timber

Unlike mahogany sourced from its native locations, plantation mahogany grown in Asia is not restricted in trade. The mahogany timber grown in these Asian plantations is the major source of international trade in genuine mahogany today. The Asian countries which grow the majority of ''Swietenia macrophylla'' are India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Fiji, Philippines, Singapore, and some others, with India and Fiji being the major world suppliers. The tree is also planted in Laos PDR.

Medicinal use

It was scientifically studied for its various biological activities. A detailed mechanism of action of apoptotic inducing effect on HCT116 human cancer cell line was elucidated. Through solvent extraction and fractionation done on seeds of Swietenia macrophylla, the ethyl acetate fraction (SMEAF) was further examined for its neuroprotective activity and acute toxicity effects. Various purified compounds derived from Swietenia macrophylla were further examined and was revealed to possesses potent PPARγ binding activity which might capable of stimulating glucose uptake in muscle cells.

The ethyl acetate fraction from the seeds of Swietenia macrophylla (SMEAF) was studied for anti-inflammatory properties using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglia. SMEAF significantly attenuated the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). SMEAF inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) via the attenuation of IκBα phosphorylation. Moreover, SMEAF markedly suppressed phosphorylation of Akt, p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. Treatment with specific inhibitors for Akt, NF-κB, p38 and ERK1/2 resulted in the attenuation of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. These findings indicated that SMEAF possesses anti-inflammatory activities in BV-2 cells by modulating LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediator production via the inhibition of Akt-dependent NF-κB, p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 activation. These results further advocate the potential use of S. macrophylla as nutraceutical for the intervention of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders.

There are also claims of its ability to improve blood circulation and skin condition, as well as anti-erectile dysfunction.

However, there are reports of liver injury or hepatotoxicity after consumption of Mahogany Seeds both in raw form and raw seeds grind and pack in capsule form. The severity of liver damage varies. There are also the report of single case kidney injury and polyarthralgia. In most cases, the liver function was recovered after stopping the consumption. The exact mechanism of these adverse events is currently unknown.

These cases that happened are the first reports of Swietenia Macrophylla seeds’ association with liver injury. This may also due to over dosage and consumption of contaminated raw seeds which are never been thoroughly investigated. Based on acute oral toxicity studies of ''Swietenia Macrophylla'' seeds, the consumption of Swietenia Macrophylla by humans is safe if the dose is less than 325 mg/kg body weight. The usual dose of Swietenia Macrophylla prescribed in Malaysian folk-lore medicine is one seed per day.

Population genetics

Mesoamerican rainforest populations show higher structure than in the Amazon.

Common names

The species is also known under other common names, including bastard mahogany,Flowers of India: Big-leaf mahogany
/ref> broad-leaved mahogany, Brazilian mahogany, large-leaved mahogany, genuine mahogany, tropical American mahogany, and sky fruit, among others.
*English - big leaf mahogany, large-leaved mahogany, Brazilian mahogany
*French -
*Spanish -
*Malayalam -
*Tamil - (தேன்கனி)
*Telugu -
*Sinhala - (මහෝගනි)

File:Mahogany trees in Bangladesh.jpg, Mahogany trees
Image:Young tree I IMG 8665.jpg, Young tree
Image:Young Bark I IMG 8669.jpg, Young Bark
Image:Old Bark & leaves I IMG 8671.jpg, Old Bark and leaves
Image:Fruit with leaves at Branch Canopy I IMG 8673.jpg, Fruit with leaves
Image:Swietenia macrophylla at Kadavoor.jpg, Bark pattern on mahogany tree.
Image:Mahogany seed.JPG, Mahogany seed.
Image:Swietenia macrophylla wood.jpg, Wood
Image:Mahogany historic range lamb.jpg, Historic distribution of mahogany from Mexico to southeastern Amazonia according to Lamb (1966). From Martinez et al. 2008.
Image:Historic distribution big-leaf mahogany.jpg, Revised historic distribution of mahogany in South America based on expert surveys. From Martinez et al. 2008.
Image:Mahogany historic range mexico.png, Historic distribution of mahogany in Mexico and Central America. From Calvo et al. 2000.
File:大葉桃花心木 Swietenia macrophylla 20210327101510 02.jpg, Green leaves turn red.
File:Swietenia macrophylla.jpg, Swietenia macrophylla

References

External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q12955947

macrophylla
Trees of Belize
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Trees of Chiapas
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Trees of Guatemala
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Vulnerable plants
National symbols of Belize
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Invasive plant species in Sri Lanka
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot