Swedish Ingria ( sv, Svenska Ingermanland, ‘land of
Ingrians’) was a
dominion
The term ''Dominion'' is used to refer to one of several self-governing nations of the British Empire.
"Dominion status" was first accorded to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, and the Irish Free State at the 1926 ...
of the
Swedish Empire
The Swedish Empire was a European great power that exercised territorial control over much of the Baltic region during the 17th and early 18th centuries ( sv, Stormaktstiden, "the Era of Great Power"). The beginning of the empire is usually t ...
from 1583 to 1595 and then again from 1617 to 1721, when it was ceded to the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the List of Russian monarchs, Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended th ...
in the
Treaty of Nystad
The Treaty of Nystad (russian: Ништадтский мир; fi, Uudenkaupungin rauha; sv, Freden i Nystad; et, Uusikaupunki rahu) was the last peace treaty of the Great Northern War of 1700–1721. It was concluded between the Tsardom of ...
.
History
Ingria was ceded to Sweden by
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eigh ...
together with the
County of Kexholm by the
Treaty of Stolbovo
The Treaty of Stolbovo () was a peace treaty that ended the Ingrian War (), which had been fought between the Swedish Empire and the Russian Tsardom between 1610 and 1617.
History
After nearly two months of negotiations, representatives from Sw ...
in 1617. It consisted of the area along the basin of the river
Neva
The Neva (russian: Нева́, ) is a river in northwestern Russia flowing from Lake Ladoga through the western part of Leningrad Oblast (historical region of Ingria) to the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland. Despite its modest length of , it i ...
, between the
Gulf of Finland
The Gulf of Finland ( fi, Suomenlahti; et, Soome laht; rus, Фи́нский зали́в, r=Finskiy zaliv, p=ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif; sv, Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland to the north and E ...
, the
Narva River,
Lake Peipsi
Lake Peipus ( et, Peipsi-Pihkva järv; russian: Чудско-Псковское озеро, Псковско-Чудское озеро, Chudsko-Pskovskoye ozero, Pskovsko-Chudskoye ozero); is the largest trans-boundary lake in Europe, lying on ...
in South-West, and
Lake Ladoga
Lake Ladoga (; rus, Ла́дожское о́зеро, r=Ladozhskoye ozero, p=ˈladəʂskəjə ˈozʲɪrə or rus, Ла́дога, r=Ladoga, p=ˈladəɡə, fi, Laatokka arlier in Finnish ''Nevajärvi'' ; vep, Ladog, Ladoganjärv) is a fresh ...
in North-East. Bordering to Kexholm and
Swedish Karelia by the
Sestra ''(Rajajoki /Systerbäck)'' river in North-West.
Ingria fell to Sweden in the 1580s, was returned to Russia by the
Treaty of Teusina (1595), and again ceded to Sweden in the
Treaty of Stolbovo
The Treaty of Stolbovo () was a peace treaty that ended the Ingrian War (), which had been fought between the Swedish Empire and the Russian Tsardom between 1610 and 1617.
History
After nearly two months of negotiations, representatives from Sw ...
(1617). Sweden's interest of the territory was strategic: as a
buffer zone
A buffer zone is a neutral zonal area that lies between two or more bodies of land, usually pertaining to countries. Depending on the type of buffer zone, it may serve to separate regions or conjoin them.
Common types of buffer zones are demil ...
against Russian attacks on the
Karelian Isthmus
The Karelian Isthmus (russian: Карельский перешеек, Karelsky peresheyek; fi, Karjalankannas; sv, Karelska näset) is the approximately stretch of land, situated between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern R ...
and present-day Finland; and Russian trade was to pass through Swedish territory. In addition, Ingria became the destination for Swedish deportees.
Ingria remained sparsely populated. In 1664 the population was counted to 15,000. Swedish attempts to introduce
Lutheranism
Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Cathol ...
were met with repugnance by the
Orthodox peasantry obliged to attend Lutheran services; converts were promised grants and tax reductions, but Lutheran gains were most of all due to voluntary resettlements from
Savonia and Karelia. Ingria was
enfeoffed
In the Middle Ages, especially under the European feudal system, feoffment or enfeoffment was the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service. This mechanism was later used to avoid restrictions on the passage of ...
to
noble military and state officials, bringing their own Lutheran servants and workmen.
Nyen became the trading centre of Ingria, and in 1642 was made its administrative centre. In 1656 a Russian attack badly damaged the town, and the administrative centre was moved to
Narva
Narva, russian: Нарва is a municipality and city in Estonia. It is located in Ida-Viru county, at the eastern extreme point of Estonia, on the west bank of the Narva river which forms the Estonia–Russia international border. With 54, ...
in neighbouring
Swedish Estonia.
[Kurs, Ott (1994)]
Ingria: The broken landbridge between Estonia and Finland
'' GeoJournal'' 33.1, 107-113.
In the early 18th century the area was reconquered by
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eigh ...
in the
Great Northern War
The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swed ...
after a century in
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
possession. The new Russian
capital,
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, was founded on the site of the Swedish town
Nyen (Finnish ''Nevanlinna'', meaning ''Castle of Neva'') in 1703. This territory, close to the Neva river's estuary at the Gulf of Finland, is now part of
Leningrad Oblast
Leningrad Oblast ( rus, Ленинградская область, Leningradskaya oblast’, lʲɪnʲɪnˈgratskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ, , ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It was established on 1 August 1927, although it was not until 1 ...
, Russia.
Governors-General
;Stadtholder
*
Samuel Nilsson till Hässle (1601–1607)
*
Filip von Scheiding (1607–1613)
*
Evert Karlsson Horn af Kanckas (1613–1615)
*
Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud (1615–1617)
;Ingrian Governors (Narva, Ivangorod, Jaama, Koporje and Nöteborg)
*
Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm
Baron Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm (4 March 1574 – 17 March 1650) was a Swedish soldier and politician. He was made a baron (''friherre'') in 1615, appointed Field Marshal in 1616, Privy Councilor in 1617, Governor General of Ingria in 1617 ...
(1617–1620)
*
Henrik Klasson Fleming (1620–1622)
*Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud (1622–1626)
*
Nils Assersson Mannersköld (1626–1629)
*
Heinrich Matthias von Thurn Heinrich may refer to:
People
* Heinrich (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name)
* Heinrich (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name)
*Hetty (given name), a given name (including a list of peo ...
(1629)
;Ingrian and Livonian Governors-General
*
Johan Skytte
Johan Skytte (1577, in Nyköping – 15 March 1645, in Söderåkra, Sweden) was a Swedish statesman, and the founder of the ''Academia Gustaviana'' (today's University of Tartu in Estonia), in 1632.
He was a son of the mayor of Nyköping, Beng ...
(1629–1634)
*
Bengt Bengtsson Oxenstierna (1634–1643)
;Ingrian and county of Kexholm Governors-General
*
Erik Carlsson Gyllenstierna (1642–1645)
*
Carl Mörner Carl may refer to:
* Carl, Georgia, city in USA
* Carl, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
*Carl (name), includes info about the name, variations of the name, and a list of people with the name
* Carl², a TV series
* "Carl", an episode of ...
(1645–1651)
*
Erik Stenbock (1651–1654)
*
Gustaf Evertsson Horn
Baron Gustav Evertsson Horn of Marienburg (28 May 1614 – 27 February 1666) was a Finnish-Swedish military man and politician. He was a member of the Privy Council of Sweden and Governor General.
Horn, the son of Field Marshal Evert Horn, was ...
(1654–1657)
*
Krister Klasson Horn af Åminne (1657–1659)
*
Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (1659–1664)
*
Jacob Johan Taube (
Kudina mõis
Kudina (german: Kudding) is a village in Jõgeva Parish
Jõgeva Parish ( et, Jõgeva vald) is a rural municipality of Estonia, in Jõgeva County. It has a population of 13,513 (2018) and an area of 458 km² (177 mi²).
Populated p ...
ast) (1664–1668)
*Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (1668–1673)
*Jacob Johan Taube (1673–1678)
*
Gustaf Adam Banér
Gustav, Gustaf or Gustave may refer to:
*Gustav (name), a male given name of Old Swedish origin
Art, entertainment, and media
* ''Primeval'' (film), a 2007 American horror film
* ''Gustav'' (film series), a Hungarian series of animated short cart ...
(1678)
*Jacob Johan Taube (1678–1681)
;Ingrian Governors
*
Martin Schultz von Ascheraden Martin may refer to:
Places
* Martin City (disambiguation)
* Martin County (disambiguation)
* Martin Township (disambiguation)
Antarctica
* Martin Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land
* Port Martin, Adelie Land
* Point Martin, South Orkney Islands
Aus ...
(1681–1682)
*
Hans von Fersen the older
Hans may refer to:
__NOTOC__ People
* Hans (name), a masculine given name
* Hans Raj Hans, Indian singer and politician
** Navraj Hans, Indian singer, actor, entrepreneur, cricket player and performer, son of Hans Raj Hans
** Yuvraj Hans, Punjabi ...
(1682–1683)
*
Göran von Sperling (1683–1687)
;Ingrian Governors-General
*Göran von Sperling (1687–1691)
*
Otto Wilhelm von Fersen (1691–1698)
*
Otto Vellingk
Count Otto Ottoson Vellingk (1649- 1708) was a Swedish general during the Great Northern War.
Biography
He was born in Jama in Swedish Ingria to Otto Gotthardsson Vellingk and Christina Nilsdotter Mannersköld.
In 1664, Vellingk became a lieu ...
(1698–1703)
See also
*''
dominium maris baltici
The establishment of a , . ("Baltic Sea dominion") was one of the primary political aims of the Danish and Swedish kingdoms in the late medieval and early modern eras. Throughout the Northern Wars the Danish and Swedish navies played a secondary ...
''
*
Nöteborg Fortress
*
Nyenschantz
Nyenschantz (russian: Ниенша́нц, ''Nienshants''; sv, Nyenskans; fi, Nevanlinna) was a Swedish fortress at the confluence of the Neva River and Okhta River, the site of present-day Saint Petersburg, Russia. Nyenschantz was built in 1611 t ...
*
Ingria
Ingria is a historical region in what is now northwestern European Russia. It lies along the southeastern shore of the Gulf of Finland, bordered by Lake Ladoga on the Karelian Isthmus in the north and by the River Narva on the border with E ...
References
{{Authority control
States and territories disestablished in 1721
States and territories established in 1583
Ingria
Ingria is a historical region in what is now northwestern European Russia. It lies along the southeastern shore of the Gulf of Finland, bordered by Lake Ladoga on the Karelian Isthmus in the north and by the River Narva on the border with E ...
Ingria
et:Ingerimaa kubermang