A nonchord tone (NCT), nonharmonic tone, or embellishing tone is a note in a piece of music or song that is not part of the implied or expressed

chord Chord may refer to: * Chord (music), an aggregate of musical pitches sounded simultaneously ** Guitar chord a chord played on a guitar, which has a particular tuning * Chord (geometry), a line segment joining two points on a curve * Chord ( ...

set out by the

harmonic A harmonic is a wave with a frequency that is a positive integer multiple of the ''fundamental frequency'', the frequency of the original periodic signal, such as a sinusoidal wave. The original signal is also called the ''1st harmonic'', the ...

framework. In contrast, a chord tone is a note that is a part of the

functional Functional may refer to: * Movements in architecture: ** Functionalism (architecture) ** Form follows function * Functional group, combination of atoms within molecules * Medical conditions without currently visible organic basis: ** Functional sy ...

chord (see:

factor (chord) In music, a factor or chord factor is a member or component of a chord (music), chord. These are named root (chord), root, third (chord), third, fifth (chord), fifth, sixth chord, sixth, seventh (chord), seventh, ninth (compound interval, compo ...

). Non-chord tones are most often discussed in the context of the common practice period of

classical music Classical music generally refers to the art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. It is sometimes distinguished as Western classical music, as the term "classical music" also ...

, but they can be used in the analysis of other types of tonal music as well, such as Western popular music. Nonchord tones are often categorized as ''accented non-chord tones'' and ''unaccented non-chord tones'' depending on whether the dissonance occurs on an accented or unaccented beat (or part of a beat). Over time, some musical styles assimilated chord types outside of the common-practice style. In these chords, tones that might normally be considered nonchord tones are viewed as chord tones, such as the seventh of a minor seventh chord. For example, in 1940s-era

bebop jazz Bebop or bop is a style of jazz developed in the early-to-mid-1940s in the United States. The style features compositions characterized by a fast tempo, complex chord progressions with rapid chord changes and numerous changes of key, instrumen ...

, an F played with a C chord would be considered a chord tone if the chord were analyzed as C⁷⁽¹¹⁾. In European classical music, " e greater use of dissonance from period to period as a result of the dialectic of linear/vertical forces led to gradual normalization of

ninth In music, a ninth is a compound interval consisting of an octave plus a second. Like the second, the interval of a ninth is classified as a dissonance in common practice tonality. Since a ninth is an octave larger than a second, its ...

eleventh In music or music theory, an eleventh is the note eleven scale degrees from the root of a chord and also the interval between the root and the eleventh. The interval can be also described as a compound fourth, spanning an octave plus a f ...

, and

thirteenth chord In music or music theory, a thirteenth is the note thirteen scale degrees from the root of a chord and also the interval between the root and the thirteenth. The interval can be also described as a compound sixth, spanning an octave pl ...

n analysis and theory N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''. History ...

each additional non-chord tone above the foundational triad became frozen into the chordal mass."

Theory

Chord and nonchord tones are defined by their membership (or lack of membership) in a chord: "The pitches which make up a chord are called ''chord-tones'': any other pitches are called ''non-chord-tones''." They are also defined by the time at which they sound: "''Nonharmonic tones'' are pitches that sound along with a chord but are not chord pitches."Benward & Saker (2003). ''Music: In Theory and Practice'', Vol. I, p. 92. Seventh Edition. . For example, if an excerpt from a piece of music implies or uses a C-major chord, then the notes C, E and G are members of that chord, while any other note played at that time (e.g., notes such as F) is a nonchord tone. Such tones are most obvious in homophonic music but occur at least as frequently in contrapuntal music. According to ''Music in Theory and Practice,'' "Most nonharmonic tones are dissonant and create intervals of a second, fourth or seventh", which are required to

resolve Resolve may refer to: * ''Resolve'' (Lagwagon album) * ''Resolve'' (Last Tuesday album) * "Resolve" (song), by the Foo Fighters *'' The Resolve'', a 1915 American silent short drama film * "Resolve" (''One Tree Hill'' episode) *''Resolve'', a Brit ...

to a chord tone in conventional ways. If the note fails to resolve until the next change of harmony, it may instead create a seventh chord or

extended chord In music, extended chords are certain chords (built from thirds) or triads with notes ''extended'', or added, beyond the seventh. Ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth chords are extended chords. The thirteenth is the farthest extension diatonical ...

. While theoretically in a three-note chord, there are nine possible nonchord tones in

equal temperament An equal temperament is a musical temperament or tuning system, which approximates just intervals by dividing an octave (or other interval) into equal steps. This means the ratio of the frequencies of any adjacent pair of notes is the same, wh ...

, in practice nonchord tones are usually in the prevailing

key Key or The Key may refer to: Common meanings * Key (cryptography), a piece of information that controls the operation of a cryptography algorithm * Key (lock), device used to control access to places or facilities restricted by a lock * Key (map ...

. Augmented and diminished intervals are also considered dissonant, and all nonharmonic tones are measured from the bass note, or lowest note sounding in the chord except in the case of nonharmonic bass tones. Nonharmonic tones generally occur in a pattern of three pitches, of which the nonharmonic tone is the center: : Nonchord tones are categorized by how they are used. The most important distinction is whether they occur on a strong or weak beat and are thus either accented or unaccented nonchord tones. They are also distinguished by their direction of approach and departure and the voice or voices in which they occur and the number of notes they contain.

Unaccented

Anticipation

An ''anticipation'' (ANT) occurs when this note is approached by

step Step(s) or STEP may refer to: Common meanings * Stairs#Step, Steps, making a staircase * Walking * Dance move * Military step, or march ** Marching Arts Films and television * Steps (TV series), ''Steps'' (TV series), Hong Kong * Step (film), ' ...

and then remains the same. It is basically a note of the second chord played early. In the example below, the dissonant B in bar 1 is approached by step and resolves when that same pitch becomes a chord tone in bar 2. : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' \new Voice \relative c' >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c >> >> A '' portamento'' is the late Renaissance precursor to the anticipation, though today it refers to a

glissando In music, a glissando (; plural: ''glissandi'', abbreviated ''gliss.'') is a glide from one pitch to another (). It is an Italianized musical term derived from the French ''glisser'', "to glide". In some contexts, it is distinguished from the co ...

. : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \relative c'' >> \new Staff << \relative c'' >> >>

Neighbor tone

A ''neighbor tone'' (NT) or ''auxiliary note'' (AUX) is a nonchord tone that passes stepwise from a chord tone directly above or below it (which frequently causes the NT to create dissonance with the chord) and resolves to the same chord tone: : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' \new Voice \relative c' >> \new Staff << \relative c >> >> In practice and analysis, neighboring tones are sometimes differentiated depending upon whether or not they are lower or higher than the chord tones surrounding them. A neighboring tone that is a step higher than the surrounding chord tones is called an ''upper neighboring tone'' or an ''upper auxiliary note'' while a neighboring tone that is a step lower than the surrounding chord tones is a ''lower neighboring tone'' or ''lower auxiliary note''. However, following Heinrich Schenker's usage in '' Free Composition'', some authors reserve the term "neighbor note" to the lower neighbor a half step below the main note. The German term ''Nebennote'' is a somewhat broader category, including all nonchord tones approached from the main note by step.

Escape tone

An ''escape tone'' (ET) or ''echappée'' is a particular type of unaccented incomplete neighbor tone that is approached stepwise from a chord tone and resolved by a skip in the opposite direction back to the harmony. : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' \new Voice \relative c' >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c >> >>

Passing tone

A ''passing tone'' (PT) or ''passing note'' is a nonchord tone prepared by a chord tone a step above or below it and resolved by continuing in the same direction stepwise to the next chord tone (which is either part of the same chord or of the next chord in the harmonic progression). : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' \new Voice \relative c' >> \new Staff << \relative c >> >> Where two nonchord tones are before the resolution they are ''double passing tones'' or ''double passing notes''.

Accented non-chord tones

Passing tone

A tone that sits between two chord tones and is between them. : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' \new Voice \relative c' >> \new Staff << \relative c >> >>

Neighbor tone

A neighbour tone is where you step up or down from a note (or chord tone) and then move back to the original note. : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' \new Voice \relative c' >> \new Staff << \relative c >> >>

Suspension and retardation

A ''suspension'' (SUS) (sometimes referred to as a ''syncope''Jonas (1982), p. 96.) occurs when the harmony shifts from one chord to another, but one or more notes of the first chord (the preparation) are either temporarily held over into or are played again against the second chord (against which they are nonchord tones called the ''suspension'') before resolving downwards to a chord tone by step (the resolution). The whole process is called a ''suspension'' as well as the specific nonchord tone(s). Suspensions may be further described with two numbers: (1) the interval between the suspended note and the bass note and (2) the interval between the resolution and the bass note. The most common suspensions are 4–3 suspension, 7–6 suspension, or 9–8 suspension. Note that except for the 9–8 suspensions, the numbers are typically referred to using the

simple interval In music theory, an interval is a difference in pitch (music), pitch between two sounds. An interval may be described as horizontal, linear, or melodic if it refers to successively sounding tones, such as two adjacent pitches in a melody, and ...

s, so for instance, if the intervals are actually an 11th and a 10th (the first example below), you would typically call it a ''4–3 suspension''. If the bass note is suspended, then the interval is calculated between the bass and the part that is most dissonant with it, often resulting in a 2–3 suspension. : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' \new Voice \relative c' >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' \new Voice \relative c >> >> Suspensions must resolve downwards. If a tied note is prepared like a suspension but resolves upwards, it is called a ''retardation''. Common retardations include 2–3 and 7–8 retardations. : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' \new Voice \relative c' >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c >> >> Decorated suspensions are common and consist of portamentos or double eighth notes, the second being a lower neighbor tone. : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' \new Voice \relative c' >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' \new Voice \relative c >> >> A chain of suspensions constitutes the fourth species of

counterpoint In music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more musical lines (or voices) which are harmonically interdependent yet independent in rhythm and melodic contour. It has been most commonly identified in the European classical tradi ...

; an example may be found in the second movement of Arcangelo Corelli's ''Christmas Concerto''. :

Appoggiatura

An '' appoggiatura'' (APP) is a type of accented incomplete neighbor tone approached skip-wise from one chord tone and resolved stepwise to another chord tone ("overshooting" the chord tone). : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' \new Voice \relative c' >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' \new Voice \relative c >> >>

Nonharmonic bass

''Nonharmonic bass'' notes are bass notes that are not a member of the chord below which they are written. Examples include the Elektra chord. An example of a nonharmonic bass from the third movement of

Stravinsky Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (6 April 1971) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor, later of French (from 1934) and American (from 1945) citizenship. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential 20th-century clas ...

's '' Symphony of Psalms''. Andriessen, Louis & Schönberger, Elmer (2006). ''The Apollonian Clockwork: On Stravinsky''. Amsterdam University Press. . :

Involving more than three notes

Changing tones

Changing tones In music, changing tones (also called double neighboring tones and neighbor group) consists of two consecutive non-chord tones. The first moves in one direction by a step from a chord tone, then skips by a third in the opposite direction to ano ...

'' (CT) are two successive nonharmonic tones. A chord tone steps to a nonchord tone which skips to another nonchord tone which leads by step to a chord tone, often the same chord tone. They may imply neighboring tones with a missing or implied note in the middle. Also called ''double neighboring tones'' or ''neighbor group''. : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' \new Voice \relative c'' >> \new Staff << \relative c >> >>

Pedal point

Another form of nonchord tone is a ''

pedal point In music, a pedal point (also pedal note, organ point, pedal tone, or pedal) is a sustained tone, typically in the bass, during which at least one foreign (i.e. dissonant) harmony is sounded in the other parts. A pedal point sometimes function ...

'' or ''pedal tone'' (PD) or ''note'', almost always the tonic or dominant, which is held through a series of chord changes. The pedal point is almost always in the lowest voice (the term originates from

organ Organ may refer to: Biology * Organ (biology), a part of an organism Musical instruments * Organ (music), a family of keyboard musical instruments characterized by sustained tone ** Electronic organ, an electronic keyboard instrument ** Hammond ...

playing), but it may be in an upper voice; then it may be called an ''inverted pedal''. It may also be between the upper and lower voices, in which case it is called an ''internal pedal''. : \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' >> \new Staff << \relative c >> >>

Chromatic nonharmonic tone

A ''chromatic nonharmonic tone'' is a nonharmonic tone that is

chromatic Diatonic and chromatic are terms in music theory that are most often used to characterize scales, and are also applied to musical instruments, intervals, chords, notes, musical styles, and kinds of harmony. They are very often used as a pair, ...

, or outside of the

and creates half-step motion. The use of which, especially ''chromatic appoggiaturas'' and ''chromatic passing tones'', increased in the Romantic Period. The example below shows chromatic nonharmonic tones (in red) in the first four measures of

Frédéric Chopin Frédéric François Chopin (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period, who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leadin ...

's Prelude No. 21, op. 28. :

References

Sources *

External links

* {{Consonance and dissonance Musical terminology

Theory

Unaccented

Anticipation

Neighbor tone

Escape tone

Passing tone

Accented non-chord tones

Passing tone

Neighbor tone

Suspension and retardation

Appoggiatura

Nonharmonic bass

Involving more than three notes

Changing tones

Pedal point

Chromatic nonharmonic tone

See also

References

External links