The Sumerian Farmer's Almanac is the first farmer's almanac on record.Kramer, Samuel Noah, ''In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography'', Wayne State University Press, 1988, , p. 139, ''... a first "Farmer's Almanac." The farmer's almanac is dated to around 1700 to 1500 BCE. It was discovered in 1949 by an American expedition in Iraq sponsored jointly by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania.Kramer, S.N., November 1951, ''Scientific American'', pp. 54–55.

Tablet

The farmer's almanac is a small clay tablet of by with an inscription that is more than 3,500 years old. It was found in the ancient

Sumer Sumer () is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. It is one of the cradles of c ...

ian site of

Nippur Nippur (Sumerian language, Sumerian: ''Nibru'', often logogram, logographically recorded as , EN.LÍLKI, "Enlil City;"The Cambridge Ancient History: Prolegomena & Prehistory': Vol. 1, Part 1. Accessed 15 Dec 2010. Akkadian language, Akkadian: '' ...

. The tablet had to be completely restored as it was in poor condition when discovered.Kramer, pp. 65–69, ''History Begins At Sumer'' (1959). The "Nippur tablet" has 35 lines of text and is part of the middle of the complete overall document. Different parts of the agricultural "primer" were already known in eight other clay tablets and fragments before the Nippur part was discovered. The complete Sumerian Farmer's Almanac document has 111 lines of text. It was originally made by a farmer for his son. The document has prime importance in the history of agriculture and its techniques. The document consists of a series of instructions for the purpose of guiding one throughout their yearly agricultural activities. Before this document was discovered there were two similar farmer's "handbooks" known from ancient times. One was Virgil's '' Georgics'' and the other was

Hesiod Hesiod (; grc-gre, Ἡσίοδος ''Hēsíodos'') was an ancient Greek poet generally thought to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer. He is generally regarded by western authors as 'the first written poet i ...

's '' Works and Days''. Hesiod's "handbook", written probably in the eighth century BCE, was considered the earliest known farmer's almanac then known until the Sumerian Farmer's Almanac officially took the title in 1951. The Sumerian Farmer's Almanac predates Hesiod's almanac by approximately a millennium.

Instructions

The instructions start with the flooding of the fields in the spring and ending with the cleaning and winnowing of the freshly harvested crops. Sumer's soil was parched so irrigation was important. The almanac instructions began with advice concerning putting water into the fields and caring for the ground. The farmer was instructed to have his help prepare in advance all the necessary farming implements and tools. The farmer was instructed to make sure that he had an extra ox for the plow. The instructions were that before plowing, the farmer should have the ground broken up twice by the mattock and once by the

hoe Hoe or HOE may refer to: * Hoe (food), a Korean dish of raw fish * Hoe (letter), a Georgian letter * Hoe (tool), a hand tool used in gardening and farming ** Hoe-farming, a term for primitive forms of agriculture * Backhoe, a piece of excavati ...

. The hammer was to be used to pulverize the clods. The farmer was instructioned to make sure he had a good manager to control the laborers to make sure they didn’t slough off. The instructions from the Sumerian Farmer's Almanac were for the farmer to plow eight furrows to each strip of land, which was approximately 20 feet (6 metres) long. Plowing and sowing was carried on simultaneously. It was done with a seeder. A plow was used that had an attachment that carried the seed. A container dropped the seed through a narrow funnel down to even depths of just plowed furrows. The depth was to be that of the width of two fingers and if not the plow was to be adjusted to make it come out this way. The furrows that had been plowed straight this year were to be plowed diagonal the next year and vice versa. The almanac gives instructions for the farmer to pray to Ninkilim, the goddess of field mice and vermin. This was so the pests would not harm the grain when it would start growing. There were special instructions on when to water the growing grain. There were three different watering times. If the farmer spotted reddening of the wet grain it was the dreaded samana-disease that endangered the crops. If the crop came out of this, then there was to be a fourth watering which usually yielded an extra ten percent. When the farmer was to harvest the barley, he was not to wait, but was to harvest just at the right moment. This was when the barley stood tall and did not bend over under its own weight. Three men were to do the harvesting as a team using a reaper and a binder. The threshing was done by means of a sledge for a period of five days. This was a device drawn back and forth over the heaped-up grain stalks. The barley was then "opened" with an "opener". A team of oxen drove this primitive machine to crush the barley-(sheaves). The barley, kernels and sheaves, were then winnowed-(of the sheaves) with pitchforks and laid on sticks to make clean. The writer of the Sumerian Farmer's Almanac said that the agricultural instructions were not his, however those of the god

Ninurta , image= Cropped Image of Carving Showing the Mesopotamian God Ninurta.png , caption= Assyrian stone relief from the temple of Ninurta at Kalhu, showing the god with his thunderbolts pursuing Anzû, who has stolen the Tablet of Destinies from En ...

, the son and "true farmer" of the leading Sumerian deity,

Enlil Enlil, , "Lord f theWind" later known as Elil, is an ancient Mesopotamian god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms. He is first attested as the chief deity of the Sumerian pantheon, but he was later worshipped by the Akkadians, Bab ...

. This translation of the complete text is by Kramer.Kramer, pp. 340–342, Appendix I, ''Farmer's Almanac'' (1963) Items in (parentheses) are added for meaning (by Kramer). ''Italics'' are original Sumerian words.

Notes

References

* Kramer, Samuel Noah, ''History Begins At Sumer, Twenty-seven "Firsts" in Man's Recorded History'', University of Pennsylvania Press; 3rd edition (April 1988). . * Kramer, Samuel Noah, ''The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character'', 1963, 1971 (paperback), pp. 1–355. Plates, Figues, Appendixes A-I, I, ''Farmer's Almanac'', pp. 340–342, Index. . * Civil, Miguel, ''The Farmer's Instructions. A Sumerian Agricultural Manual'', Aula Orientalis – Supplementa 5; Editorial AUSA (Barcelona 1994)

External links

*{{cite journal , last = Mauer , first = Gerlinde , title = Agriculture of the Old Babylonian Period , journal = Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society , volume = 15 , pages = 63–78 , publisher = Ancient Near Eastern Society , location = New York , year = 1983 , url = http://www.jtsa.edu/Documents/pagedocs/JANES/1983%2015/Mauer15.pdf , issn = 0010-2016 2nd-millennium BC inscriptions 1949 archaeological discoveries Sumer Clay tablets Archaeological discoveries in Iraq