Sumbawa or Samawa people are an ethnic group of people native to the western and central region of
Sumbawa Island, which comprises
West Sumbawa Regency
West Sumbawa Regency ( id, Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat) is a Regency ('' Kabupaten'') of the Indonesian Province of West Nusa Tenggara. It is located on the island of Sumbawa and has an area of 1,742.27 km2. The regency was created on 18 December ...
and
Sumbawa Regency. The Sumbawa people refer themselves as Tau Samawa people and their language is the
Sumbawa language
Sumbawa (; id, bahasa Sumbawa) or Sumbawarese is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the western half of Sumbawa Island, Indonesia, which it shares with speakers of Bima. It is closely related to the languages of adjacent Lombok and Bali; indeed, i ...
. Neither the
Bimanese nor the Sumbawa people have alphabets of their own; they use the alphabets of the
Bugis and the
Malay language
Malay (; ms, Bahasa Melayu, links=no, Jawi alphabet, Jawi: , Rejang script, Rencong: ) is an Austronesian languages, Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and that is also spo ...
indifferently. The majority of the Sumbawa people practice
Islam. The Sumbawa people once established their own government which became the Sumbawa Sultanate and lasted until 1931.
History
The Sumbawa people inhabit the western part of the
Sumbawa Island and about another 38 smaller islands. In the eastern borders, the Sumbawa people are closely related to the Bima people. The Sumbawa people descended from the ancient
Austronesian people that came to the island thousands of years ago. In the 14th century, the western part of the
Sumbawa Island is regarded as a territory dependent on the Javanese
Majapahit kingdom. Later the formation of the
West Sumbawa government became dependent on the
Bali Kingdom
The Kingdomship of Bali was a series of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of Bali, in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. With a history of native Balinese kingship spanning from the early 10th to early 2 ...
. In 1650-1750, the West Sumbawa sultans themselves became possessors of lands at the nearby
Lombok Island
Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait between it and Sumbawa to the east. It is ...
.
In the 17th century,
Islam was spread among the Sumbawa people. However this influence only gained significant importance in the 19th century in relation to the reforms that were carried out by the local monarch to strengthen their power after the catastrophic
Tambora eruption. Thus, they have also contributed to the cultural unification of the local population.
As early as the 16th century, the Sumbawa people have been known to be suppliers of valuable fragrant wood, honey, rice and horses to other countries within the Southeast Asian region. Since 1605, they were already actively trading with the Dutch. Thanks to the Dutch traders in the
Sumbawa Island, the locals began to grow coffee; which then became the main export produce. In the 19th century, the governing of the Sumbawa people came under the Dutch colonies. In 1949,
West Sumbawa became part of
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
.
Religion
Most of the Sumbawa people practice
Sunni Islam faith, but among the Sumbawa people, some of the ancient cults, traditional beliefs and rituals are still preserved. The Sumbawa people still believe in the existence of many spirits and witchcraft. Their shamans have a certain social influence; who act as counselors and witch doctors.
Culture
Sumbawa folklore consist of a lot of fairy tales, legends, historical tales, nursery rhymes, dance and musical performance. The Sakeco music always plays a special role in the custom of Sumbawa people.
Economy
The main livelihood of the Sumbawa people are agriculture and animal husbandry.
They usually cultivate the earth by
slash-and-burn
Slash-and-burn agriculture is a farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a field called a swidden. The method begins by cutting down the trees and woody plants in an area. The downed veget ...
method. Plow and irrigation methods are very rarely used. The main agriculture produce is rice, which is predominantly used in their dietary. Sumbawa people traditionally grow corn (which has become a major industry), beans, peppers, vegetables, onions, garlic, tobacco, coffee and fruit trees, which are also grown primarily for trading. Horse and cattle breeding is dominant in livestock breeding,
but the breeding of buffaloes, small horned livestock and poultry are also developed. Aquaculture are carried out in flooded fields and artificial ponds. In forestry, wild nuts, beeswax and frankincense are gathered.
Dietary
Sumbawa people eat mostly plant based foods, while consumption of meat takes place during festivals and other celebrations.
Settlements
The Sumbawa villages are characterized by the so-called scattered houses, when settlements are actually made up of separate estates. They live in permanent settlements, as well as in temporary ones. Large villages are divided into several smaller ''
rukun warga
A ''rukun warga'' (abbreviated RW, literally "pillar of residents") is an administrative division of Indonesia under the village or ''kelurahan'' (or under: ''dusun'' or village). , and the formation of local communities is through consultation ...
'', each of which has its own administration. However, the villagers are united together in a form of community to collectively deal with problems of land use and irrigation. Temporary building shelters are found in the mountainous areas that are free from the jungle areas. Traditional framed houses on stilts with high roofing is divided into several rooms- generally 4 to 6 rooms. There is no ceiling, instead an attic is made over the female part of the house. In the fields, temporary settlements are often located; where women, old people and children also reside.
Society
Traditionally, the society is divided into three groups namely, the relatives of the monarchy family, the nobles and the free person of ordinary commoners. Dominated by smaller nucleus family, but the family maintained close ties up to the sixth generation. Tracing of family tree is conducted simultaneously from both the male and female line.
A traditional family is monogamous. However in principle polygamy is not forbidden in religion, but it is practiced quite rarely because of the big sum of money that the bridegroom must pay for the bride and usually common among the upper class. Elements of the traditional wedding such as a long series of ceremonies and engagement have been preserved, such as bride price, a joint bathing ceremony of the bride and groom
and a common dining table. The bride must receive the blessing of their parents. In the past, newlyweds that did not receive parental blessings are regarded as an insult to the relatives and become refugees of mandatory persecution.
References
External links
Kabupaten SUMBAWA
{{Portal, Indonesia
Ethnic groups in Indonesia
Sumbawa