Succinea Aperta

''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=181586 on 2021-02-23

The common name refers to the fact that live snails in this genus are translucent and similar to amber in appearance.

Description

The length of the shell ranges between 9.4 mm and 17 mm, the width between 6.8 mm and 11.5 mm.

The dextrous, pointed ovoid shell consists of 3⅓ - 3½ whorls. It is thin-walled, glossy and translucent. The protoconch is very compact. The spire is short and consists mainly of a large, wide body whorl and an oval aperture with a sharp angle at the top. The deep sutures are prominent.The interior surface of the aperture is cream-colored or white.

The shell is usually light brown, but may be whitish with gray or light yellow streaks.

The large body cannot be completely withdrawn within the shell. The lower pair of tentacles is vestigial.

The many species in this genus are difficult to distinguish. Sometimes they need dissecting to confirm identification through the shape of the jaw and character of the reproductive system.

Distribution

This large genus has a worldwide distribution. Species in this genus usually live in damp habitats such as marshes. Some species are amphibious.

Species

Species within the genus ''Succinea'' include:

* ''Succinea aegyptiaca'' Ehrenberg, 1831
* '' Succinea aequinoctialis'' d'Orbigny, 1837
* '' Succinea africana'' F. Krauss, 1848
* '' Succinea alpestris'' Möllendorff, 1875
* '' Succinea amoi'' C. M. Cooke & Clench, 1945
* '' Succinea ampulacea'' E. von Martens, 1898
* '' Succinea andecola'' Crawford, 1939
* '' Succinea angustior'' (C. B. Adams, 1850)"Mollusca"
. Diversidad Biológica Cubana, accessed 23 March 2011.
* † '' Succinea antiqua'' Colbeau, 1867
* '' Succinea aperta'' I. Lea, 1838
* ''Succinea apicalis'' Ancey, 1904
* '' Succinea approximans'' Shuttleworth, 1854Shuttleworth R. J. (1854). "Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken der Insel Portorico". '' Mitteilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern'' Nr. 310-330
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* '' Succinea approximata'' G. B. Sowerby II, 1872
* ''Succinea arangoi'' Pfeiffer, 1866 (taxon inquirendum)
* '' Succinea arboricola'' Connolly, 1912
* '' Succinea archeyi'' Powell, 1933
* '' Succinea argentina'' Miquel, Rapacioli & Meneghini, 2019
* ''Succinea arundinetorum'' Heude, 1882
* '' Succinea aurita'' Hylton Scott, 1951
* '' Succinea aurulenta'' Ancey, 1889
* '' Succinea australis'' (Férussac, 1821)
* ''Succinea baconi'' L. Pfeiffer, 1855
* ''Succinea badia'' Morelet, 1867
* '' Succinea bakeri'' Hubricht, 1963
* † ''Succinea baoyueensis'' W. Yü & X.-Q. Zhang, 1982
* '' Succinea barbadensis'' Guilding, 1828
* ''Succinea baumanni'' Sturany, 1894
* ''Succinea bequaerti'' Pilsbry, 1919
* '' Succinea bermudensis'' L. Pfeiffer, 1857
* ''Succinea bernardii'' Récluz, 1852
* † ''Succinea bertrandi'' Fontannes, 1884
* ''Succinea bettii'' E. A. Smith, 1877
* ''Succinea bicolorata'' Ancey, 1889
* † '' Succinea boissyi'' Deshayes, 1863
* '' Succinea brevis'' Dunker in Pfeiffer, 1850
* † '' Succinea brevispira'' Deshayes, 1863
* ''Succinea burmeisteri'' Döring, 1873
* '' Succinea caduca'' Mighels, 1845
* ''Succinea californica'' P. Fischer and Crosse, 1878 – San Tomas ambersnail
* '' Succinea campestris'' Say, 1817 – Crinkled Ambersnail
* '' Succinea canella'' A. Gould, 1846
* '' Succinea carectorum'' Heude, 1882
* '' Succinea carmenensis'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1878
* '' Succinea casta'' Ancey, 1899
* ''Succinea cepulla'' A. Gould, 1846
* '' Succinea ceylanica'' Pfeiffer, 1855
* ''Succinea chinensis'' L. Pfeiffer, 1857
* ''Succinea chudeaui'' Germain, 1907
* '' Succinea cinnamomea'' Ancey, 1889
* '' Succinea clarionensis'' Dall, 1926
* '' Succinea cochinchinensis'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1863
* ''Succinea collina'' Hanley & Theobald, 1873
* '' Succinea colorata'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
* '' Succinea comorensis'' Fischer-Piette & Vukadinovic, 1974
* '' Succinea concordialis'' A. Gould, 1848
* '' Succinea congoensis'' Pilsbry, 1919
* ''Succinea contenta'' (Iredale, 1939)
* '' Succinea contorta'' C. B. Adams, 1845
* '' Succinea cordovana'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
* '' Succinea costaricana'' von Martens, 1898Villalobos M. C., Monge-Nájera J., Barrientos Z. & Franco J. (1995). "Life cycle and field abundance of the snail ''Succinea costaricana'' (Stylommatophora: Succineidae), a tropical pest". '' Revista de Biología Tropical'' 43: 181-188
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* '' Succinea costulosa'' Pease, 1865
* '' Succinea crassinuclea'' L. Pfeiffer, 1849
* '' Succinea crocata'' A. Gould, 1846
* '' Succinea cryptica'' Tillier, 1981
* '' Succinea cygnorum'' Pilsbry, 1930
* ''Succinea dakaensis'' Sturany, 1898
* '' Succinea daucina'' L. Pfeiffer, 1854
* '' Succinea delicata'' Ancey, 1889
* '' Succinea dolphin'' C. M. Cooke & Clench, 1945
* '' Succinea dominicensis'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853
* † ''Succinea dongyingensis'' Youluo, 1978
* '' Succinea donneti'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853
* '' Succinea elegantior'' Annandale, 1921
* '' Succinea elongata'' Pease, 1870
* '' Succinea erythrophana'' Ancey, 1883
* '' Succinea eussoensis'' Preston, 1912
* ''Succinea exarata'' F. Krauss, 1848
* ''Succinea falklandica'' E. A. Smith, 1884
* '' Succinea fischeri'' Gassies, 1871
* ''Succinea flexilis'' Quick, 1957
* '' Succinea floridana'' Pilsbry, 1905 – Florida chalksnail
* ''Succinea fulgens'' Lea, 1841 (taxon inquirendum)
* '' Succinea garrettiana'' Ancey, 1899
* '' Succinea gayana'' (d'Orbigny, 1835)
* '' Succinea gibba'' Henshaw, 1904
* '' Succinea girnarica'' Theobald, 1859
* '' Succinea gladiator'' Schileyko & Likharev, 1986
* ''Succinea globispira'' Martens, 1898
Barrientos, Z. 2003. Lista de especies de moluscos terrestres (Archaeogastropoda, Mesogastropoda, Archaeopulmonata, Stylommatophora, Soleolifera) informadas para Costa Rica Revista Biología Tropical 51: 293-304.
* '' Succinea godivariana'' Gude, 1914
* '' Succinea gracilis'' I. Lea, 1841
* '' Succinea grosvenorii'' I. Lea, 1864 – Santa Rita ambersnail
* ''Succinea guadelupensis'' Dall, 1900
* ''Succinea guatemalensis'' Morelet, 1849
* '' Succinea gundlachi'' Pfeiffer, 1852 (taxon inquirendum)
* '' Succinea gyrata'' J. S. Gibbons, 1879
* ''Succinea hanleyi'' Gude, 1914
* ''Succinea hararensis'' Connolly, 1928
* '' Succinea haustellum '' Rehder, 1942
* † '' Succinea headonensis'' Wenz, 1919
* † ''Succinea henanensis'' Y.-T. Li, 1983
* '' Succinea hortulana'' Morelet, 1851
* '' Succinea humerosa'' A. Gould, 1846
* '' Succinea hyalina'' Shuttleworth, 1854
* † '' Succinea imperspicua'' S. V. Wood, 1851
* ''Succinea indiana'' Pilsbry, 1905 – Xeric Ambersnail
* '' Succinea indica'' L. Pfeiffer, 1849
* '' Succinea infundibuliformis'' A. Gould, 1846
* '' Succinea interioris'' Tate, 1894
* '' Succinea kempi'' Preston, 1912
* '' Succinea konaensis'' Sykes, 1897
* '' Succinea kuntziana'' Solem, 1959
* '' Succinea labiosa'' Philippi, 1860
* '' Succinea latior'' C. B. Adams, 1849
* '' Succinea lauta'' A. Gould, 1859
* '' Succinea lauzannei'' Germain, 1909
* '' Succinea lebruni'' Mabille, 1884
* '' Succinea lessensis'' Pilsbry, 1919
* † ''Succinea lingulata'' X.-G. Zhu, 1985
* '' Succinea listeri'' E. A. Smith, 1889
* '' Succinea lopesi'' Lanzieri, 1966
* '' Succinea lumbalis'' A. Gould, 1846
* ''Succinea luteola'' Gould, 1848 – Mexico ambersnail
* '' Succinea lutosa'' Pilsbry, 1926
* '' Succinea lutulenta'' Ancey, 1889
* ''Succinea macgillivrayi'' Cox, 1864
* '' Succinea macta'' Poey, 1858
* ''Succinea magellanica'' A. Gould, 1846
* ''Succinea magnaciana'' Heude, 1882
* ''Succinea manaosensis'' Pilsbry, 1926
* '' Succinea manuana'' A. Gould, 1846
* '' Succinea margarita'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853
* † '' Succinea marioni'' Saporta, 1889
* '' Succinea martini'' (Jousseaume, 1887)
* '' Succinea masafuerae'' Odhner, 1922
* '' Succinea masoala'' Emberton & Griffiths, 2009
* '' Succinea mauiensis'' Ancey, 1889
* '' Succinea maxima'' Henshaw, 1904
* '' Succinea mcgregori'' Pilsbry, 1898
* '' Succinea meridionalis'' d'Orbigny, 1846
* '' Succinea mirabilis'' Henshaw, 1904
* ''Succinea modesta'' A. Gould, 1846
* '' Succinea monticula'' C. Semper, 1873
* '' Succinea montrouzieri'' Crosse, 1867
* † '' Succinea nagpurensis'' Hislop, 1860
* ''Succinea newcombiana'' Garrett, 1857
* '' Succinea nobilis'' Poey, 1853
* ''Succinea norfolkensis'' Sykes, 1900
* '' Succinea normalis'' Ancey, 1881
* '' Succinea nyassana'' Dupuis & Putzeys, 1923
* ''Succinea obesa'' E. von Martens, 1867
* '' Succinea ochracina'' Gundlach in Poey, 1858
* '' Succinea ordinaria'' E. A. Smith, 1905
* '' Succinea oregonensis'' I. Lea, 1841 – Oregon ambersnail
* '' Succinea orientalis'' Benson, 1851
* † ''Succinea palliolum'' F. Sandberger, 1871
* '' Succinea panamensis'' Pilsbry, 1920
* ''Succinea panucoensis'' Pilsbry, 1910
* ''Succinea paralia'' Hubricht, 1983 – Saltmarsh Ambersnail
* † '' Succinea parscovensis'' Cobălcescu, 1883
* '' Succinea patagonica'' E. A. Smith, 1881
* ''Succinea peruviana'' L. Pfeiffer, 1867
* '' Succinea philippinica'' Möllendorff, 1893
* '' Succinea piratarum'' Quadras & Möllendorff, 1894
* ''Succinea princei'' Preston, 1912
* '' Succinea pristina'' Henshaw, 1904
* ''Succinea propinqua'' Drouët, 1859
* † '' Succinea protevoluta'' Yen, 1969
* ''Succinea protracta'' Sykes, 1900
* '' Succinea pseudomalonyx'' Dupuis & Putzeys, 1902
* ''Succinea pudorina'' A. Gould, 1846
* ''Succinea pueblensis'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1877
* '' Succinea puna'' Tomassi & Cuezzo, 2021
* ''Succinea punctata'' L. Pfeiffer, 1855
* '' Succinea putamen'' A. Gould, 1846
* ''Succinea putris'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – European ambersnail
* ''Succinea quadrasi'' Möllendorff, 1894
* '' Succinea quadrata'' Ancey, 1904
* '' Succinea quicki'' van Benthem Jutting, 1964
* '' Succinea raoi'' Rao & Mitra, 1976
* '' Succinea recisa'' Morelet, 1851 – rustic ambersnail
* ''Succinea riisei'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853
* † '' Succinea rollieri'' Maillard, 1892
* '' Succinea rosariensis'' Döring, 1873
* '' Succinea rubella'' Pease, 1871
* ''Succinea rugosa'' L. Pfeiffer, 1842
* '' Succinea rugulosa'' Morelet, 1872
* '' Succinea rusticana'' Gould, 1846 – rustic ambersnail
* ''Succinea rutilans'' W. T. Blanford, 1870
* '' Succinea sagra'' d'Orbigny, 1842
* † ''Succinea schumacheri'' And.
* † '' Succinea scitula'' X.-G. Zhu, 1985
* '' Succinea setchuanensis'' Heude, 1882
* † ''Succinea shenyangensis'' Youluo, 1978
* '' Succinea simplex'' L. Pfeiffer, 1855
* '' Succinea simplicissima'' Preston, 1912
* '' Succinea snigdha'' Rao, 1924
* '' Succinea socorroensis'' Dall, 1926
* ''Succinea solastra'' Hubricht, 1961 – Lone Star ambersnail
* '' Succinea solidula'' L. Pfeiffer, 1849
* ''Succinea solitaria'' E. A. Smith, 1887
* † '' Succinea sparnacensis'' Deshayes, 1863
* '' Succinea striata'' F. Krauss, 1848
* '' Succinea strigillata'' A. Adams & Angas, 1864
* '' Succinea strubelli'' Strubell, 1895
* ''Succinea subgranosa'' L. Pfeiffer, 1850
* † '' Succinea subpfeifferi'' Gottschick, 1920 †
* ''Succinea tenella'' Morelet, 1865
* ''Succinea tenerrima'' Ancey, 1904
* '' Succinea tenuis'' Gundlach in Poey, 1858
* '' Succinea teragona'' Ancey, 1904
* '' Succinea texta'' Odhner, 1922
* '' Succinea tornadri'' Rao, 1924
* † '' Succinea ubaghsi'' Bosquet, 1859
* ''Succinea undulata'' Say, 1829
* '' Succinea unicolor'' Tryon, 1866 – squatty ambersnail
* '' Succinea urbana'' Hubricht, 1961 – urban ambersnail
* ''Succinea vaginacontorta'' C. B. Lee, 1951
* ''Succinea venusta'' A. Gould, 1846
* '' Succinea vesicalis'' A. Gould, 1846
* '' Succinea virgata'' E. von Martens, 1865
* '' Succinea vitrea'' L. Pfeiffer, 1855
* '' Succinea waianaensis'' Ancey, 1899
* ''Succinea wallisi'' C. M. Cooke & Clench, 1945
* '' Succinea wilsonii'' I. Lea, 1864 – golden ambersnail
* ''Succinea yarkandensis'' G. Nevill, 1881
* † '' Succinea zhuoxianensis'' W. Yü & H.-Z. Pan, 1982

Additional species, taken from IUCN Red List:
* '' Succinea sanctaehelenae'' Lesson, 1830

Synonyms

* ''Succinea aurea'' Lea, 1841: synonym of '' Mediappendix vermeta'' (Say, 1829)
* ''Succinea barberi'' (W. B. Marshall, 1926) – Sanibel ambersnail:"''Succinea'' Draparnaud, 1801"
ITIS, accessed 4 January 2011. synonym of '' Oxyloma barberi'' (W. B. Marshall, 1926)
* ''Succinea chittenangoensis'' Pilsbry, 1908 – Chittenango ovate amber snail: synonym of ''Novisuccinea chittenangoensis'' (Pilsbry, 1908)
* ''Succinea depressa'' Rang, 1834: synonym of '' Pellicula depressa'' (Rang, 1834) (original combination)
* ''Succinea forsheyi'' I. Lea, 1864 – spotted ambersnail: synonym of '' Succinea concordialis'' A. Gould, 1848
* ''Succinea gabbi'' Tryon, 1866 – riblet ambersnail: synonym of '' Mediappendix gabbii'' (Tryon, 1866)
* ''Succinea greerii'' Tryon, 1866 – dryland ambersnail: synonym of ''Succinea grosvenorii'' I. Lea, 1864
* ''Succinea ovalis'' Say, 1817 is a synonym for ''Novisuccinea ovalis'' (Say, 1817)
* ''Succinea pennsylvanica'' Pilsbry, 1948 – Penn ambersnail: synonym of '' Novisuccinea pennsylvanica'' (Pilsbry, 1948)
* † ''Succinea peregrina'' F. Sandberger, 1872: synonym of †'' Oxyloma affine'' (Reuss in Reuss & Meyer, 1849)
* ''Succinea pseudavara'' Webb, 1954: synonym of '' Succinea grosvenorii'' I. Lea, 1864
* ''Succinea strigata'' Pfeiffer, 1855 – striate ambersnail: synonym of '' Novisuccinea strigata'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1855)
* ''Succinea tomentosa'' L. Pfeiffer, 1855: synonym of ''Austropeplea tomentosa'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1855)

Ecology

Parasites of ''Succinea'' spp. include:
* '' Elaphostrongylus'' spp.Olsson I.-M., Stéen M. & Mann H. (1993). "Gastropod hosts of ''Elaphostrongylus'' spp. (Protostrongylidae, Nematoda)". '' Rangifer'' 13(1): 53-55
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Succinea consume small plants such as mosses as well as leaf litter. Specifically Succinea campestris is known to live in leaf liter, and is also known to be attracted to light, an unusual characteristic in snail.
In mating, the snails are hermaphrodites and mate reciprocally (both snails transfer sperm into one another), however many have preferences in what role they take - some actively seek out mates, mounting the others' shell, while others do not.

References

* Patterson C.M. (1989). Morphological studies of a Tahitian succineid, Succinea (Kondosuccinea) wallisi. Malacological Review. 22(1-2): 17-23.

External links

Draparnaud, J.-P.-R. (1801). Tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. Montpellier / Paris (Renaud / Bossange, Masson & Besson). 1-116

Solem, A. (1959). Systematics and zoogeography of the land and fresh-water Mollusca of the New Hebrides. Fieldiana Zoology. 4(3): 1-359.

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Succineidae