subcategorization frame

In linguistics, subcategorization denotes the ability/necessity for lexical items (usually verbs) to require/allow the presence and types of the syntactic arguments with which they co-occur. The notion of subcategorization is similar to the notion of valency, although the two concepts (subcategorization and valency) stem from different traditions in the study of syntax and grammar.

Argument structure

Argument structure is the list of selected arguments associated with a lexical category, such as a verb (SKS, 2015). When every predicate, otherwise known as a verb, is used, it selects a specific set of arguments that need to be fulfilled to create a well-formed sentence (Kroger, 2005). These are arguments such as AGENT, PATIENT, EXPERIENCER, THEME, RECIPIENT, and STIMULUS. To illustrate this, the sentence ''The adults asked if the cats would pee on the sofa'', has been broken down into its semantic roles and argument selections below.

It is necessary to understand the fundamentals of argument structure to understand the idea of subcategorization because subcategorization, as noted above, refers to the sub-categories a verb (or other semantic role) requires (Kroger, 2005). For example, the verb ''ask'' from above subcategorizes for a DPAGENT and CPTHEME, otherwise known as a subject and direct object, respectively. In this way, subcategorization is an important piece of information to include in any lexical entry.

Thematic roles and S-selection

''Theta roles'' identify the meaning relation between the constituent and the selected predicate (SKS, 2015). There are eight theta roles: AGENT, THEME, CAUSE, POSSESSOR, LOCATION, GOAL, EXPERIENCER, and BENEFICIARY. Each term indicates the relationship between the verb, predicate, and one of its arguments. This is what is called ''s-selection'', a shortening of semantic selection. S-Selection is an important addition to any lexical entry in order to make them easier to interpret (SKS, 2015). It is important to understand that, according to the ''Theta Criterion'', every argument bears one and only one theta role (Chomsky, 1965). Below is an example for each theta role (SKS, 2015):

CAUSE: a cause; ''The dog bit the child. This made him cry''

AGENT: a person or entity which intentionally is causing or doing something; ''Joshua intentionally hit him''

EXPERIENCER: a sentient being inside of, or acquiring, a psychological state; ''Sam hates cats/Josh noticed Alice''

LOCATION: a location; ''Marianne leaped through the field''

GOAL: a location/being that is the endpoint; ''Moses gave Josh a toothbrush''

BENEFICIARY: a beneficiary; ''Susie made cookies for Sarah''

POSSESSOR: a possessor; ''Shelly owns cats''

POSSESSEE/POSSESSED: what is possessed; ''Shelly's cats''
*POSSESSEE/POSSESSED is a subset of POSSESSOR which is why it has been included but not given its own role

THEME: something that undergoes a change, such as location change, or any kind of progression; ''Josie sent Riven cookies/''
*THEME is also commonly used for things that do not fit any other theta role, such as ''Josie is short'' or ''Sarah said that it is foggy''

Projection principle

The Projection principle states that properties of lexical items must be satisfied in order to create well-formed sentences (SKS, 2015).

Locality of selection

Locality of selection states that if α selects β, then β appears as a complement, subject, or adjunct of α (SKS, 2015).

Subcategorization frames

In a notation developed by Chomsky in the 1960s, the basic position of verbs in a phrase structure tree would be shown by assigning it to a subcategorization frame.Matthews, P. (2014). subcategorization. In The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. : Oxford University Press. A transitive verb like “make”, for example, was assigned the feature --NPmeaning that “make” can (+) appear before (--) a noun phrase (NP). Verbs that take just one argument are classified as intransitive, while verbs with two and three arguments are classified as transitive and ditransitive, respectively. The following sentences are employed to illustrate the concept of subcategorization:

::Luke worked.
::Indiana Jones ate chilled monkey brain.
::Tom waited for us.

The verb ''worked/work'' is intransitive and thus subcategorizes for a single argument (here ''Luke''), which is the subject; therefore its subcategorization frame contains just a subject argument. The verb ''ate/eat'' is transitive, so it subcategorizes for two arguments (here ''Indiana Jones'' and ''chilled monkey brain''), a subject and an optional object, which means that its subcategorization frame contains two arguments. And the verb ''waited/wait'' subcategorizes for two arguments as well, although the second of these is an optional prepositional argument associated with the preposition ''for''. In this regard, we see that the subcategorization frame of verbs can contain specific words. Subcategorization frames are sometimes schematized in the following manner:

::work P __ ::eat P __ (NP)::wait P __ (''for'' NP)
These examples demonstrate that subcategorization frames are specifications of the number and types of arguments of a word (usually a verb), and they are believed to be listed as lexical information (that is, they are thought of as part of a speaker's knowledge of the word in the vocabulary of the language). Dozens of distinct subcategorization frames are needed to accommodate the full combinatory potential of the verbs of any given language. Finally, subcategorization frames are associated most closely with verbs, although the concept can also be applied to other word categories.

Subcategorization frames are essential parts of a number of phrase structure grammars, e.g. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, and Minimalism.

Valency

The subcategorization notion is similar to the notion of valency, although subcategorization originates with phrase structure grammars in the Chomskyan tradition, whereas valency originates with Lucien Tesnière of the dependency grammar tradition. The primary difference between the two concepts concerns the status of the subject. As it was originally conceived of, subcategorization did not include the subject, that is, a verb subcategorized for its complement (=object and oblique arguments) but not for its subject. Many modern theories now include the subject in the subcategorization frame, however. Valency, in contrast, included the subject from the start.Tesnière (1959/69:109, chapter 51, paragraph 13) emphasized that from a syntactic point of view, the subject is a complement just like the object. In this regard, subcategorization is moving in the direction of valency, since many phrase structure grammars now see verbs subcategorizing for their subject as well as for their object.

See also

*Argument
*Complement
*Dependency grammar
*Lexical item
* Lucien Tesnière
*Phrase structure grammar
* Transitivity
*Valency

Notes

References

* Bennet, P. 1995. A course in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. London: UCL Press Limited.
* Burton-Robers, 1986. Analysing sentences: An introduction to English grammar. London: Longman.
* Cattell, R. 1984. Composite predicates in English. Syntax and Semantics 17. Sydney: Academic Press.
* Chomsky, N. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
* Fromkin, V. et al. 2000. Linguistics: An introduction to linguistic theory. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
* Green, G. and J. Morgan. 1996. Practical guide to syntactic analysis. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
* Grimshaw, J. 2003. Subcategorization and Selection. In International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2 Apr. 2020.
* Haegeman, L. 1994. Introduction to government and binding theory, 2nd edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
* Horrocks, G. 1986. Generative Grammar. Longman:London.
* Kaplan, R. and J. Bresnan. 1982. Lexical Functional Grammar: A formal system of grammatical representation. In J. Bresnan (ed.), The mental representation of grammatical relations, 173-281. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
* Kroeger, P. 2005. Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge, UK; New York;:Cambridge University Press.
* Pollard, C. and I. Sag. 1994. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chicago: The University Press of Chicago.
* Sportiche, D. et al. 2014. An Introduction to Syntactic Analysis and Theory. Malden, MA: Wiley/Blackwell.
* Tallerman, M. 2011. Understanding Syntax. Oxford: Hodder Education.
* Tesnière, L. 1959. Éleménts de syntaxe structurale. Paris: Klincksieck.
* Tesnière, L. 1969. Éleménts de syntaxe structurale, 2nd edition. Paris: Klincksieck.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subcategorization Frame

Generative syntax
Syntax–semantics interface

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