Stygnommatidae is a small

neotropical The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bioge ...

family of the

harvestman The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of ext ...

infraorder

Grassatores The Grassatores are the most diverse infraorder of the Laniatores. It includes over 3,500 species distributed mainly in the tropicsKury, A.B.(2003). Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). '' Revista Ibéri ...

with about thirty described species. (2007): Stygnommatidae. Roewer, 1923. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 229ff

Description

Stygnommatidae range from three to six millimeters in body length. Some species have chelicerae that effectively double their length. The

pedipalp Pedipalps (commonly shortened to palps or palpi) are the second pair of appendages of chelicerates – a group of arthropods including spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. The pedipalps are lateral to the chelicerae ("jaws") and ...

s are strong, enlarged and armed. The legs are relatively short. These harvestmen dwell in litter, with some species found in

caves A cave or cavern is a natural void in the ground, specifically a space large enough for a human to enter. Caves often form by the weathering of rock and often extend deep underground. The word ''cave'' can refer to smaller openings such as sea ...

Distribution

Members of this family are found in the

neotropics The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropics, tropical Ecoregion#Terrestrial, terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperat ...

from

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

. Some species are found in southern

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...

and others in

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

and

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

, but it is not sure that these belong into this family.

Relationships

The

monophyly In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic grou ...

of this family is disputed. Its closest relatives within the Samooidea are

Samoidae Samoidae is a family of the harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about fifty described species. (2007): Samoidae. Sørensen, 1886. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 224ff Description The body length of members of this family ranges from ab ...

, Biantidae and

Podoctidae Podoctidae is a family of the harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about 130 described species. (2007): Podoctidae Roewer, 1912. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 221ff Description Body length ranges from 2.5 to 5 millimeters, with leg lengt ...

Name

The name of the type genus is combined from the genus name '' Stygnus'' and

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic peri ...

''omma'' "eye", referring to the eyes that are separated like in ''Stygnus''.

Species

* '' Stygnomimus'' Roewer, 1927 :* '' Stygnomimus conopygus'' (Roewer, 1927) :* '' Stygnomimus malayensis'' (Suzuki, 1970) * '' Stygnomma'' Roewer, 1912 :* '' Stygnomma annulipes'' (Goodnight & Goodnight, 1947) —

:* '' Stygnomma belizense'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1977 —

Belize Belize (; bzj, Bileez) is a Caribbean and Central American country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a wate ...

:* '' Stygnomma bispinatum'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1953 — Mexico :* '' Stygnomma delicatulum'' Rambla, 1976 —

Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...

:* '' Stygnomma fiskei'' Rambla, 1969 —

Jamaica Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...

:* '' Stygnomma fuhrmanni'' Roewer, 1912 —

Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...

Costa Rica Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( es, República de Costa Rica), is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the no ...

Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transcontinental country spanning the southern part of North America and the northern part of South America. It is bordered by Cos ...

Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...

:* '' Stygnomma furvum'' M. A. González-Sponga, 1987 — Venezuela :* '' Stygnomma gracilitibiae'' M. A. González-Sponga, 1987 — Venezuela :* '' Stygnomma granulosa'' (Goodnight & Goodnight, 1947) — Belize :* '' Stygnomma joannae'' Rambla, 1976 — Ecuador :* '' Stygnomma larense'' M. A. González-Sponga, 1987 — Venezuela :* '' Stygnomma leleupi'' Rambla, 1976 — Ecuador :* '' Stygnomma maya'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1951 — Mexico :* '' Stygnomma monagasiensis'' H. E. M. Soares & S. Avram, 1981 — Venezuela :* '' Stygnomma ornatum'' M. A. González-Sponga, 1987 — Venezuela :* '' Stygnomma pecki'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1977 — Belize :* '' Stygnomma planum'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1953 — Mexico :* '' Stygnomma purpureum'' M. A. González-Sponga, 1987 — Venezuela :* '' Stygnomma solisitiens'' M. A. González-Sponga, 1987 — Venezuela :* '' Stygnomma spiniferum'' (Packard, 1888) ::* ''Stygnomma spiniferum spiniferum'' (Packard, 1888) —

, Jamaica ::* ''Stygnomma spiniferum bolivari'' (Goodnight & Goodnight, 1945) —

Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...

::* ''Stygnomma spiniferum tancahensis'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1951 — Mexico, Belize :* '' Stygnomma spinipalpis'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1953 — Mexico :* '' Stygnomma spinulatum'' (Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942) —

Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and Unincorporated ...

:* '' Stygnomma teapense'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1951 — Mexico :* '' Stygnomma toledensis'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1977 — Belize :* '' Stygnomma truxillensis'' M. A. González-Sponga, 1987 — Venezuela :* '' Stygnomma tuberculata'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1973 — Mexico

Footnotes

References

* 's Biology Catalog
Stygnommatidae
* (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. ''Harvard University Press'' {{Taxonbar, from=Q3364389 Harvestmen Harvestman families