The Stygnidae are a family of
neotropical harvestmen within the suborder
Laniatores.
Name
The name of the type genus is derived from
Ancient Greek ''stygnos'' "diabolic being".
[ (2007): Stygnidae Simon, 1879. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 226ff]
Description
Body length ranges from about one to six millimeters. The color ranges from light brown to reddish. Some Heterostygninae have white patches, stripes or spots on the dorsal
scutum.
[
]
Distribution
The Heterostygninae are found in the Lesser Antilles, Nomoclastinae are endemic to Colombia
Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...
, and the Stygninae live from north of the Tropic of Capricorn (central South America). Most species live in the Amazonian rainforest. However, half the species have only been collected once, so distribution of species is poorly known.[
]
Relationships
The Stygnidae are sister to Cosmetidae
Cosmetidae is a family of harvestmen in the suborder Laniatores. With over 700 species, it is one of the largest families in Opiliones. They are distributed from Argentina to the southern USA with the highest diversity in northern South America, ...
and Gonyleptidae
Gonyleptidae is a neotropical family of harvestmen (Order Opiliones) with more than 800 species, the largest in the Suborder Laniatores and the second largest of the Opiliones as a whole. The largest known harvestmen are gonyleptids.
Like most h ...
, and belong to the same group inside Gonyleptoidea
Gonyleptoidea is the most diverse superfamily of the Grassatores. It includes around 2,500 species distributed in the tropics. They are characterized by the simplified male genitalia, with the glans free subapical in the truncus.
Gonyleptoidea i ...
as these and Cranaidae
The Cranaidae are a family of neotropical harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores.
Name
The name of the type genus is derived from Cranaus, the successor of Cecrops I as king of Attica in Greek mythology. (2007): Cranaidae Roewer, 1913. In: Pi ...
and Manaosbiidae
The Manaosbiidae are a family of neotropical harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores.
Name
The name of the type genus is combined from Manaus and Ancient Greek ''bios'' "living". (2007): Manaosbiidae. Roewer, 1943. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al. ...
. The Stygnidae are monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
.[
]
Genera
See the List of Stygnidae species {{Short description, none
This is a list of the described species of the harvestman family Stygnidae. The data is taken from Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog.
Heterostygninae
Heterostygninae Roewer, 1913
* '' Eutimesius'' Roewer, 1913
:* '' Eutimesi ...
for a list of currently described species.
Heterostygninae Roewer, 1913
:* ''Eutimesius
The genus ''Eutimesius'' has four species described, is diagnosed by the cephalotorax with one enlarged eminence ; dorsal scute with white spots; area III with two spines; and the penis with distal U-shaped cleft, ventral plate narrow and long at ...
'' Roewer, 1913
:* '' Imeri'' Pinto-da-Rocha & Tourinho, 2012
:* '' Innoxius'' Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997
:* ''Minax Minax may refer to:
* Minax, a brand name of the cardiovascular drug metoprolol
* Minax (Ultima), the Ultima game character
Species names
* ''Austracantha minax
''Austracantha'' is a genus of spider with a single species, ''Austracantha mi ...
'' Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997
:* '' Stenostygnellus'' Roewer, 1913
:* '' Stygnidius'' Simon, 1879
:* '' Stygnoplus'' Simon, 1879
:* '' Timesius'' Simon, 1879
:* '' Yapacana'' Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997
Stygninae Simon, 1879
:* '' Actinostygnoides'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942
:* '' Auranus'' Mello-Leitão, 1941
:* '' Fortia'' Villarreal et al., 2022
:* '' Iguarassua'' Roewer, 1943
:* '' Jabbastygnus'' Kury & Villarreal, 2015
:* '' Kaapora'' Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997
:* '' Metaphareus'' Roewer, 1912
:* '' Niceforoiellus'' Mello-Leitão, 1941
:* '' Obidosus'' Roewer, 1931
:* '' Ortonia'' Wood, 1869
:* '' Paraphareus'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1943
:* '' Phareus'' Simon, 1879
:* '' Pickeliana'' Mello-Leitão, 1932
:* '' Planophareus'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1943
:* '' Protimesius'' Roewer, 1913
:* '' Ricstygnus'' Kury, 2009
:* '' Sickesia'' Soares, 1979
:* '' Stenophareus'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1943
:* '' Stenostygnoides'' Roewer, 1913
:* '' Stygnus'' Perty, 1833
:* '' Verrucastygnus'' Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997
'' Incertae sedis'':
:* '' Gaibulus'' Roewer, 1943
---
Else see Nomoclastinae Roewer, 1943
including '' Nomoclastes'' Sørensen, 1932 => Nomoclastidae
Footnotes
References
* Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog
Stygnopsidae
* (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. ''Harvard University Press''
{{Taxonbar, from=Q584072
Harvestmen
Harvestman families