Stridentism (Spanish: Estridentismo) was an artistic and multidisciplinary

avant-garde The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or ' vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretical ...

movement, founded in

Puebla City Puebla de Zaragoza (; nah, Cuetlaxcoapan), formally Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza, formerly Puebla de los Ángeles during colonial times, or known in English simply as Puebla, is the seat of Puebla Municipality. It is the capital and largest city ...

Manuel Maples Arce Manuel Maples Arce (May 1, 1900 - June 26, 1981) was a Mexican poet, writer, art critic, lawyer and diplomat, especially known as the founder of the Stridentism movement. The leader of the first Mexican avant-garde movement After the first Stri ...

at the end of 1921 but formally developed in

Xalapa Xalapa or Jalapa (, ), officially Xalapa-Enríquez (), is the capital city of the Mexican state of Veracruz and the name of the surrounding municipality. In the 2005 census the city reported a population of 387,879 and the municipality of which ...

where all the founders moved after the University of Veracruz granted its support for the movement. Stridentism shares some characteristics with

Cubism Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassemble ...

Dadaism Dada () or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centres in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (in 1916). New York Dada began c. 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris ...

Futurism Futurism ( it, Futurismo, link=no) was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy, and to a lesser extent in other countries, in the early 20th century. It emphasized dynamism, speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such ...

and

Ultraism The Ultraist movement () was a literary movement born in Spain in 1918, with the declared intention of opposing Modernismo, which had dominated Spanish poetry since the end of the 19th century. The movement was launched in the tertulias of Madr ...

, but it developed a specific social dimension, taken from the

Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...

, and a concern for action and its own present. Stridentists were part of the political avant-garde, in contrast to the "elitist" modernism of

Los Contemporáneos ''Los Contemporáneos'' (which means "The Contemporaries" in English) can refer to a Mexican modernist group, active in the late 1920s and early 1930s, as well as to the literary magazine which served as the group's mouthpiece and artistic vehi ...

Chronology

1921: Mexico City, December 31, Manuel Maples Arce gives the first

manifesto A manifesto is a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government. A manifesto usually accepts a previously published opinion or public consensus or promotes a ...

out. 1923: Maples Arce and List Arzubide give out the second manifesto, in the city of

Puebla Puebla ( en, colony, settlement), officially Free and Sovereign State of Puebla ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Puebla), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 217 municipalities and its cap ...

. 1923: Irradiador: short-lived journal (September, October, and November of 1923) 1924: First Stridentist Expo, at the "Café de nadie", in Mexico City. 1925: The group moves from Mexico City to

(recreated in their works as "Estridentópolis"). Third manifesto in the city of

Zacatecas , image_map = Zacatecas in Mexico (location map scheme).svg , map_caption = State of Zacatecas within Mexico , coordinates = , coor_pinpoint = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type ...

. 1926: Fourth and last manifesto in

Ciudad Victoria Ciudad Victoria () is the seat of the Municipality of Victoria, and the capital of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. It is located in the northeast of Mexico at the foot of the Sierra Madre Oriental. It borders the municipality of Güémez to ...

. 1927: The group separates, for political reasons. 1929-1930: A group of stridentists met in

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...

and participated in the group '' Cercle Et Carre''. 1930:

Leopoldo Méndez Leopoldo Méndez (June 30, 1902 – February 8, 1969) was one of Mexico's most important graphic artists and one of that country's most important artists from the 20th century. Méndez's work mostly focused on engraving for illustrations and othe ...

and German List Arzubide traveled to the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

. 1932:

Germán Cueto Germán Cueto (February 8 or 9, 1883, Mexico City – February 14, 1975) was a List of Mexican artists, Mexican artist. He was part of the initial wave of artistic activity following the Mexican Revolution. However, his stay in Europe from 1927 ...

and

Arqueles Vela Arqueles Vela ( Guatemala/Tapachula 1899 – Mexico City 1977) was a Mexican writer, journalist A journalist is an individual that collects/gathers information in form of text, audio, or pictures, processes them into a news-worthy form, and ...

returned to

Mexico City Mexico City ( es, link=no, Ciudad de México, ; abbr.: CDMX; Nahuatl: ''Altepetl Mexico'') is the capital and largest city of Mexico, and the most populous city in North America. One of the world's alpha cities, it is located in the Valley o ...

from Paris

Artists

Poets:

Germán List Arzubide Germán List Arzubide (31 May 1898 – 17 October or 19 October 1998) was a Mexican poet and revolutionary. Born in Puebla, he was an active participant in the Revolution, fighting alongside Emiliano Zapata as well as extolling him and other re ...

, Salvador Gallardo. Writers/Journalists:

Carlos Noriega Hope Carlos Noriega Hope (1896–1934) was a Mexican writer and journalist. Born in Tacubaya, Mexico City, he studied law and became a journalist. In 1919 he traveled to Hollywood to report on the new cinematographic industry. Besides writing the scr ...

. Visual artists:

Ramón Alva de la Canal Ramón Alva de la Canal (August 29, 1892 – April 4, 1985) was a Mexican painter, illustrator, and educator, one of the pioneers of the Mexican muralism movement. He was born Ramón Pascual Loreto José Alva de la Canal on August 29, 1892 in t ...

, Fermín Revueltas,

Lola Cueto María Dolores Velázquez Rivas, better known as "Lola" Cueto (Azcapotzalco, March 2, 1897 – Mexico City, January 24, 1978) was a Mexican painter, printmaker, puppet designer and puppeteer. She is best known for her work in children’s thea ...

. Multidisciplinary artists:

, Luis Quintanilla,

Jean Charlot Louis Henri Jean Charlot (February 8, 1898 – March 20, 1979) was a French people, French-born United States, American Painting, painter and illustrator, active mainly in Mexico and the United States. Life Charlot was born in Paris. His father, ...

, Gaston Dinner. Musicians:

Silvestre Revueltas Silvestre Revueltas Sánchez (December 31, 1899 – October 5, 1940) was a Mexican composer of classical music, a violinist and a conductor. Life Revueltas was born in Santiago Papasquiaro in Durango, and studied at the National Conservatory ...

, Ángel Salas. Photographers:

Edward Weston Edward Henry Weston (March 24, 1886 – January 1, 1958) was a 20th-century American photographer. He has been called "one of the most innovative and influential American photographers..." and "one of the masters of 20th century photography." ...

Tina Modotti Tina Modotti (born Assunta Adelaide Luigia Modotti Mondini, August 16/17, 1896 – January 5, 1942) was an Italian American photographer, model, actor, and revolutionary political activist for the Comintern. She left Italy in 1913 and moved to ...

Bibliography

*Schneider, Luis Mario. ''El estridentismo o una literatura de la estrategia'', México: Conaculta, 1997. *Escalante, Evodio. ''Elevación y caída del estridentismo'', México: Conaculta, 2002. *Hadatty Mora, Yanna. ''La ciudad paroxista. Prosa mexicana de vanguardia (1921–1932)'', México: UNAM, 2009. *Rashkin, Elissa J. ''The Stridentist Movement in Mexico: The Avant-garde and Cultural Change in the 1920s'', Lanham, Maryland, USA: Lexington Books/Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2009. *Flores, Tatiana. ''Mexico’s Revolutionary Avant-Gardes: From Estridentismo to ¡30-30!'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013. *Klych, Linda. ''The Noisemakers: Estridentismo, Vanguardism, and Social Action in Postrevolutionary Mexico'', Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2018. {{Authority control Mexican literary movements Poetry movements Modernism 20th-century literature 20th-century poetry