Streptophyta (), informally the streptophytes (, from the
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
''strepto'' 'twisted', for the morphology of the sperm of some members), is a
clade of
plant
Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclu ...
s. The composition of the clade varies considerably between authors, but the definition employed here includes land plants and all green algae except the
Chlorophyta
Chlorophyta or Prasinophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes. The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author. In older classification systems, it refers to a ...
and the more basal
Prasinodermophyta
The Prasinodermophyta are a proposed basal Viridiplantae clade, as sister of another clade comprising the Chlorophyta and the Streptophyta. It consists of the Prasinodermophyceae and the Palmophyllophyceae. They were previously considered to be ...
.
Classifications
The composition of Streptophyta and similar groups (Streptophytina, Charophyta) varies in each classification. Some authors are more restrictive, including only the Charales and Embryophyta (e.g., Streptophyta
Jeffrey 1967; Adl et al. 2012, Streptophytina
Lewis & McCourt 2004), others include more groups (e.g., Charophyta
Lewis & McCourt 2004; Karol et al. 2009; Adl et al. 2012, Streptophyta
Bremer, 1985; de Reviers 2002; Leliaert et al. 2012, Streptobionta
Kenrick & Crane 1997; some authors use this broader definition, but exclude the Embryophyta, e.g., Charophyta
Cavalier-Smith 1993; Leliaert et al. 2012, Charophyceae
Mattox & Stewart, 1984, Streptophycophytes
de Reviers, 2002).
The organism, streptophyta, includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms. All living green plants belong to the major phylums including Streptophyta and chlorophyta. The Streptophyta phylum contains the charophyte green algae in freshwater habitat and also all land plants. Another thing about streptophyta is that this organism reproduces sexually by conjugation. There is another organism that is very similar to streptophyta is the Mesostigma viride organism and it is a green flagellate. Streptophyta include the charophycean lineage along with bryophytes and tracheophytes. Bryophytes are land plants that include liverworts, hornworts and mosses, and tracheophytes are vascular plants. The organism, streptophyta, was also found in Bahia, Brazil, and is characterized by having cell walls composed of a single unit, without pores or other ornamentations. The phylum Streptophyta comprises all land plants and six monophyletic groups of charophycean green algae.
These earlier classifications have not taken into account that the
Coleochaetophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae are a class of charophyte algae that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embr ...
and the
Zygnemophyceae
Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. It contains five orders: the Spirogloeales, the Serritaeniales, ...
appear to have emerged in the
Charophyceae
Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be ...
+
Embryophyta
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as siste ...
clade, resulting in the synonymy of the
Phragmoplastophyta
The Phragmoplastophyta (Lecointre & Guyader 2006) are a proposed sister clade of the Klebsormidiaceae in the Streptophyte/Charophyte clade. The Phragmoplastophyta consist of the Charophycaea and another unnamed clade which contains the Coleocha ...
and Streptophytina/Streptophyta sensu stricto (a.k.a. Adl 2012) nomenclature.
Jeffrey, 1967
* Streptophyta
**
Charales
Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta, class Charophyceae, commonly known as stoneworts. Depending on the treatment of the genus '' Nitellopsis'', living (extant) species are placed into either one family (Ch ...
**
Embryophyta
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as siste ...
Lewis & McCourt 2004
* Division
Charophyta
Charophyta () is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (), sometimes treated as a division, yet also as a superdivision or an unranked clade. The terrestrial plants, the Embryophyta emerged within Charophyta, possibly from terre ...
(charophyte algae and embryophytes)
** Class
Mesostigmatophyceae
The Mesostigmatophyceae are a class of basal green algae found in freshwater. In a narrow circumscription, the class contains a single genus, ''Mesostigma''. AlgaeBase then places the order within its circumscription of Charophyta. A clade co ...
(mesostigmatophytes)
** Class
Chlorokybophyceae
''Chlorokybus'' is a multicellular (sarcinoid) genus of basal green algae or Charophyta, charophyte, a soil algae, alga. It has been classified as the sole member of the family Chlorokybaceae, which is the sole member of the order Chlorokybales, ...
(chlorokybophytes)
** Class
Klebsormidiophyceae
Klebsormidiales is an order of charophyte algae. It is the only order in the class Klebsormidiophyceae, sister of the Phragmoplastophyta. , AlgaeBase
AlgaeBase is a global species database of information on all groups of algae, both marine an ...
(klebsormidiophytes)
** Class
Zygnemophyceae
Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. It contains five orders: the Spirogloeales, the Serritaeniales, ...
(conjugates)
*** Order
Zygnematales
The Zygnematales ( el, ζυγός (''zygós'') and νῆμα (''nḗma'') ( nom.), νήματος (''nḗmatos'') (gen.)), also called the Conjugatales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in two families. T ...
(filamentous conjugates and saccoderm desmids)
*** Order
Desmidiales
Desmidiales, commonly called desmids (''Gr.'' ''desmos'', bond or chain), are an order in the Charophyta, a division of green algae in which the land plants (Embryophyta) emerged. Or in other words, Desmid, (order Desmidiales), order of singl ...
(placoderm desmids)
** Class
Coleochaetophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae are a class of charophyte algae that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embr ...
(coleochaetophytes)
*** Order
Coleochaetales
Coleochaetaceae is a family of algae. It is the only family in the Coleochaetales, an order of parenchymous charophyte algae, that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants.
They questionably include the fossil genus ...
** Subdivision
Streptophytina
The Phragmoplastophyta (Lecointre & Guyader 2006) are a proposed sister clade of the Klebsormidiaceae in the Streptophyte/Charophyte clade. The Phragmoplastophyta consist of the Charophycaea and another unnamed clade which contains the Coleoch ...
*** Class
Charophyceae
Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be ...
(same as the
Smith system
A system of taxonomy of the cryptogams, the Smith system was published in
: Smith, G.M. (1938)''Cryptogamic Botany'', vol. 1 Algae and fungi. McGraw-Hill, New York.
:Smith, G.M. (1955)''Cryptogamic Botany'', vol. 2 Bryophytes and pteridophytes. 2n ...
, 1938)
**** Order
Charales
Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta, class Charophyceae, commonly known as stoneworts. Depending on the treatment of the genus '' Nitellopsis'', living (extant) species are placed into either one family (Ch ...
(charophytes sensu stricto)
*** Class
Embryophyceae (embryophytes)
Leliaert ''et al''. 2012
*Streptophyta
**
charophyte
Charophyta () is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (), sometimes treated as a division, yet also as a superdivision or an unranked clade. The terrestrial plants, the Embryophyta emerged within Charophyta, possibly from terre ...
s
***
Mesostigmatophyceae
The Mesostigmatophyceae are a class of basal green algae found in freshwater. In a narrow circumscription, the class contains a single genus, ''Mesostigma''. AlgaeBase then places the order within its circumscription of Charophyta. A clade co ...
***
Chlorokybophyceae
''Chlorokybus'' is a multicellular (sarcinoid) genus of basal green algae or Charophyta, charophyte, a soil algae, alga. It has been classified as the sole member of the family Chlorokybaceae, which is the sole member of the order Chlorokybales, ...
***
Klebsormidiophyceae
Klebsormidiales is an order of charophyte algae. It is the only order in the class Klebsormidiophyceae, sister of the Phragmoplastophyta. , AlgaeBase
AlgaeBase is a global species database of information on all groups of algae, both marine an ...
***
Charophyceae
Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be ...
***
Zygnematophyceae
Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. It contains five orders: the Spirogloeales, the Serritaeniales ...
***
Coleochaetophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae are a class of charophyte algae that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embr ...
**
Embryophyta
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as siste ...
(land plants)
Adl ''et al''. 2012
*
Archaeplastida
The Archaeplastida (or kingdom Plantae '' sensu lato'' "in a broad sense"; pronounced /ɑːrkɪ'plastɪdə/) are a major group of eukaryotes, comprising the photoautotrophic red algae (Rhodophyta), green algae, land plants, and the minor gr ...
Adl et al. 2005
**
Chloroplastida
Viridiplantae (literally "green plants") are a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprise approximately 450,000–500,000 species and play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are made up of the green algae, which ar ...
Adl et al. 2005 (
Viridiplantae
Viridiplantae (literally "green plants") are a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprise approximately 450,000–500,000 species and play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are made up of the green algae, which ar ...
Cavalier-Smith 1981)
***
Chlorophyta
Chlorophyta or Prasinophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes. The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author. In older classification systems, it refers to a ...
Pascher 1914, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004
***
Charophyta
Charophyta () is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (), sometimes treated as a division, yet also as a superdivision or an unranked clade. The terrestrial plants, the Embryophyta emerged within Charophyta, possibly from terre ...
Migula 1897, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (
Charophyceae
Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be ...
Smith 1938, Mattox & Stewart 1984)
**** ''
Chlorokybus'' Geitler 1942
**** ''
Mesostigma'' Lauterborn 1894
****
Klebsormidiophyceae
Klebsormidiales is an order of charophyte algae. It is the only order in the class Klebsormidiophyceae, sister of the Phragmoplastophyta. , AlgaeBase
AlgaeBase is a global species database of information on all groups of algae, both marine an ...
van den Hoek et al. 1995
****
Phragmoplastophyta
The Phragmoplastophyta (Lecointre & Guyader 2006) are a proposed sister clade of the Klebsormidiaceae in the Streptophyte/Charophyte clade. The Phragmoplastophyta consist of the Charophycaea and another unnamed clade which contains the Coleocha ...
Lecointre & Guyander 2006
*****
Zygnematophyceae
Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. It contains five orders: the Spirogloeales, the Serritaeniales ...
van den Hoek et al. 1995, emend. Hall et al. 2009
*****
Coleochaetophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae are a class of charophyte algae that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embr ...
Jeffrey 1982
***** Streptophyta Jeffrey 1967
******
Charophyceae
Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be ...
Smith 1938, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (
Charales
Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta, class Charophyceae, commonly known as stoneworts. Depending on the treatment of the genus '' Nitellopsis'', living (extant) species are placed into either one family (Ch ...
Lindley 1836; Charophytae Engler 1887)
******
Embryophyta
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as siste ...
Engler 1886, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004 (Cormophyta Endlicher 1836;
Plantae
Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclude ...
Haeckel 1866)
**
Adl ''et al''. 2019
*
Archaeplastida
The Archaeplastida (or kingdom Plantae '' sensu lato'' "in a broad sense"; pronounced /ɑːrkɪ'plastɪdə/) are a major group of eukaryotes, comprising the photoautotrophic red algae (Rhodophyta), green algae, land plants, and the minor gr ...
Adl et al. 2005
**
Chloroplastida
Viridiplantae (literally "green plants") are a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprise approximately 450,000–500,000 species and play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are made up of the green algae, which ar ...
Adl et al. 2005 (
Viridiplantae
Viridiplantae (literally "green plants") are a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprise approximately 450,000–500,000 species and play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are made up of the green algae, which ar ...
Cavalier-Smith 1981)
*** Phylum Streptophyta
Charophyta">
Charophyta/nowiki>.html" ;"title="Charophyta.html" ;"title="nowiki/> Charophyta/nowiki>">Charophyta.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Charophyta">Charophyta/nowiki>
****_Chlorokybus_atmophyticus
****_Mesostigma_viridae
****Family_Klebsomidiophyceae
****_Class_Phragmoplastophyta
*****_Family_Zygnemataceae
*****_Order_Coleochaetophyceae
*****_Family_Characeae
*****_Kingdom_Embryophyta
Please_note_the_taxonomic_name_system_inconsistency_of_the_Kingdom_in_Class_classification.
_Phylogeny
Below_is_a_reconstruction_of_Streptophyta_relationships,_based_on_genomic_data.
__References_
*Bremer,_K._(1985)_Summary_of_green_plant_phylogeny_and_classification._Cladistics_1:369-385.
*
*
_External_links
The_plant_tree_of_life:_an_overview_and_some_points_of_view
The_closest_land_plants_relatives
{{Taxonbar.html" ;"title="Charophyta">Charophyta/nowiki>">Charophyta.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Charophyta">Charophyta/nowiki>
**** Chlorokybus atmophyticus
**** Mesostigma viridae
****Family Klebsomidiophyceae
**** Class Phragmoplastophyta
***** Family Zygnemataceae
***** Order Coleochaetophyceae
***** Family Characeae
***** Kingdom Embryophyta
Please note the taxonomic name system inconsistency of the Kingdom in Class classification.
Phylogeny
Below is a reconstruction of Streptophyta relationships, based on genomic data.
References
*Bremer, K. (1985) Summary of green plant phylogeny and classification. Cladistics 1:369-385.
*
*
External links
The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view
The closest land plants relatives
{{Taxonbar">from=Q133527
Green algae
Infrakingdoms