The Stowmarket Guncotton Explosion happened on 11 August 1871 at the
Prentices Guncotton Factory
The Stowmarket Guncotton Company was an explosives company established in the 19th century by Messrs Prentice that operated a gun-cotton factory in Stowmarket, Suffolk, England. The factory was the scene of an explosion in 1871 that claimed ...
in
Stowmarket
Stowmarket ( ) is a market town in Suffolk, England,OS Explorer map 211: Bury St.Edmunds and Stowmarket
Scale: 1:25 000. Publisher:Ordnance Survey – Southampton A2 edition. Publishing Date:2008. on the busy A14 road (Great Britain), A14 trunk ...
, Suffolk.
It was blown up by two massive explosions, that occurred within the factory, killing 28 people and injuring approximately 70 others.
Background
In the mid-19th century
Guncotton
Nitrocellulose (also known as cellulose nitrate, flash paper, flash cotton, guncotton, pyroxylin and flash string, depending on form) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to a mixture of nitric acid and ...
began to be produced as a replacement for
gun powder
Gunpowder, also commonly known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, carbon (in the form of charcoal) and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). ...
as
propellant
A propellant (or propellent) is a mass that is expelled or expanded in such a way as to create a thrust or other motive force in accordance with Newton's third law of motion, and "propel" a vehicle, projectile, or fluid payload. In vehicles, the e ...
in firearms and for use as a
low-order explosive in mining. Even before the explosion at Stowmarket some of the earlier factories that had produced it discontinued production soon after due to the volatility of the substance during manufacture.
Sir
Frederick Abel developed a manufacturing process that eliminated the impurities in nitrocellulose making it safer to produce and a stable product that was safer to handle, and it was this process that was used at the Stowmarket factory.
A previous accident taking the lives of two or three people had taken place in 1864.
The explosions
It was a Friday afternoon when the two explosions took place, and approximately 130 employees were on site at the time.
There would have been approximately ten tons of guncotton stored in the 3 magazines at one end of the works that day.
The first, and largest, explosion occurred at the magazines shortly after 2 pm after the workers had returned from lunch.
Between the explosions much of the site was on fire and people, including the Prentices, attempted to move undamaged boxes containing more guncotton away from the fire to prevent further explosions.
The second explosion occurred at approximately 3 pm in the packing sheds; a third explosion immediately followed in another packing shed.
The flames were visible for miles.
The noise of the explosion was reported to be so loud, that it rattled the windows in
Diss, approximately 17 miles away and
Southwold
Southwold is a seaside town and civil parish on the English North Sea coast in the East Suffolk district of Suffolk. It lies at the mouth of the River Blyth within the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The town is a ...
30 miles away.
The impact created a chasm in the ground nearly in diameter,
and uprooted trees and the nearby railway line. It was reported to have caused over 188 cases of deafness. Telegrams requesting assistance were sent across the county including to Ipswich.
Five fire engines attended the scene and by midnight the fire was under control and a search for the missing persons began.
Due to the proximity of the factory to the town damage was sustained to properties across the area, notably in a largely residential area of Stowmarket called California that was particularly close to the factory.
A number of people were blown into the
River Gipping
The River Gipping is the source river for the River Orwell in the county of Suffolk in East Anglia, England, which is named from the village of Gipping, and which gave its name to the former Gipping Rural District. The name is unrelated to ...
that passed through and was used by the factory.
The victims and memorial
Two members of the Prentice family, who owned the factory, William Ridley Prentice (1847–1871) and Edward Henry Prentice (1838–1871) were included in the list of the dead, and killed in the second explosion at approximately 3 pm.
Accounts from the time indicated that they were dismembered in the explosions and almost beyond identification.
Of the dead, 23 were buried in the town's old cemetery the other 5 in their respective Parish. Many of the dead were children and young adults, and most were employed by the company.
Many of the dead were not given a memorial at the time, and there were reports of the Suffolk council downplaying the number of fatalities. However, there is now a small memorial at Stowmarket Old Cemetery that was created in 2014 and details the 23 who were buried there. Approximately 70 people were injured.
Those known to have died include (age at time of death in parentheses):
* Alfred Bloom (12)
* Mary Ann Mount (12)
* Alice Mutimer (12)
* Susan Wilding (12)
* Amy Hare (13)
* John Girling (13)
* Francis Mayhew (14)
* William Parker (14)
* James Thomas (15)
* Alfred Williams (16)
* Anna Miller (17)
* James Read (17)
* Richard King (22)
* John Hagger (22)
* Ann Marie Markwell (22)
* William Ridley Prentice (23)
* Samuel Firman (26)
* Edward Henry Prentice (33)
* James Parish (33)
* John Wright (33)
* Walter Howe (38)
* John Canham (47)
* James Ransom (49)
* J. Gallants
* J. Runnacles
Aftermath and legacy
From 12 August to 6 September an
inquest
An inquest is a judicial inquiry in common law jurisdictions, particularly one held to determine the cause of a person's death. Conducted by a judge, jury, or government official, an inquest may or may not require an autopsy carried out by a coro ...
into the event was held at the County Court over eight sittings.
The scene of the explosion was visited by thousands of people in the subsequent days.
The
UK Government
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issued an order with a reward of £100 to find out the cause. No one was ever prosecuted for the event occurring.
There was also an enquiry by the Government's Chief Inspector of Explosives,
Vivian Dering Majendie
Colonel Sir Vivian Dering Majendie, (18 July 1836 – 25 March 1898) was a British engineer who was one of the first bomb disposal experts. He served as Chief Inspector of Explosives to Queen Victoria from 1871 until his death in 1898. .
The cause was probably several tons of
gun cotton
Nitrocellulose (also known as cellulose nitrate, flash paper, flash cotton, guncotton, pyroxylin and flash string, depending on form) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to a mixture of nitric acid and ...
combusting due to the summer heat and the poor standards of hygiene, as well as a blatant disregard for health and safety. The process of producing guncotton includes the washing away of the acids used in an earlier part of its production and drying, and the product becomes 'safer' to handle at various stages of its manufacture; the inquest indicated that the "adding of sulphuric acid to the gun cotton subsequent to its passing the tests required by Government" was a cause of the event.
It also concluded that "gun cotton works should not be allowed near a town" and "gun cotton works should be subject to constant Government inspection".
After the explosion the factory was rebuilt to a different design in 1872.
In the years that followed government enforced safety regulations were increased, partly as a consequence of the explosion at Stowmarket.
In the 20th century the factory diversified into lacquers and paints and moved away from explosives.
Parts of the site are still currently used as
paint
Paint is any pigmented liquid, liquefiable, or solid mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture. Paint can be made in many ...
factories operated by
AkzoNobel
Akzo Nobel N.V., stylized as AkzoNobel, is a Dutch multinational company which creates paints and performance coatings for both industry and consumers worldwide. Headquartered in Amsterdam, the company has activities in more than 80 countries, ...
and
PPG Industries
PPG Industries, Inc. is an American Fortune 500 company and global supplier of paints, coatings, and specialty materials. With headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PPG operates in more than 70 countries around the globe. By revenue it is ...
.
The
Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
The Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) is an executive agency of the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom), Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom. Its stated purpose is "to maximise the impact of science and technology for the ...
notes the enquiry into the explosion led by Captain
Vivian Dering Majendie
Colonel Sir Vivian Dering Majendie, (18 July 1836 – 25 March 1898) was a British engineer who was one of the first bomb disposal experts. He served as Chief Inspector of Explosives to Queen Victoria from 1871 until his death in 1898. as among the earliest work of what would later become known as their Forensic Explosives Laboratory.
See also
*
Stowmarket Guncotton Company
*
Prentice Brothers Limited
Prentice Brothers Limited was an English fertiliser manufacturer founded in Stowmarket, Suffolk during the mid-1850s. The company produced a number of " chemical manure" products that used coprolites and rock phosphates among other ingredients.
...
(Chemical Works)
Footnotes
References
External links
{{Wikisource, Harper's New Monthly Magazine/Vol. XLIV/No. 261/February 1872/Editor's Scientific Record/Explosion of Gun-Cotton at Stowmarket
''The Mechanics' Magazine and Journal of Science, Arts, and Manufactures'' Volume 96. 6 April 1872. pp. 283–284. Retrieved January 2014.
Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine p. 322.
Disasters in Suffolk
Stowmarket
1871 industrial disasters
1871 in England
19th century in Suffolk