Stomatellinae
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Stomatellinae is a subfamily of small
sea snails Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...
with a brilliantly nacreous interior of the shell,
marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...
gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000  extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
s in the family
Trochidae The Trochidae, common name top-snails or top-shells, are a family of various sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subclass Vetigastropoda. This family is commonly known as the top-snails because in many species the shell resembles ...
, the top snails.Gofas, S. (2012). Stomatellinae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382176 on 2012-06-12


Taxonomy

In the earlier classification used in the
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology The ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' (or ''TIP'') published by the Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press, is a definitive multi-authored work of some 50 volumes, written by more than 300 paleontologists, and co ...
, the Stomatellidae was included in the
Archaeogastropoda Archaeogastropoda (also known as Aspidobranchia) was a taxonomic order of sea snails used in older classifications of gastropods, i.e. snails and slugs. Archeogastropoda are marine prosobranch gastropod mollusks, mainly herbivores, typically hav ...
, however, this taxon is now largely abandoned in favor of the more recently defined
Vetigastropoda Vetigastropoda is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc, mollusks that form a very ancient lineage (evolution), lineage. Taxonomically the Vetigastropoda are sometimes treated as an O ...
. According to Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), Williams et al. (2008)Williams S. T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (September 2008) "Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined". ''
Zoologica Scripta ''Zoologica Scripta'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal on systematic zoology, published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It was established in 197 ...
'' 37(5): 483-506.
and Williams et al. (2010)Williams S. T., Donald K. M., Spencer H. G. & Nakano, T. (2010). "Molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families Trochidae and Calliostomatidae (Mollusca: Superfamily Trochoidea)". ''
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics. The journal is edited by E.A. Zimmer. Indexing The journal is indexed in: *EMBiology *Journal Citation Reports *Scopus ...
'' 54(3): 783-809.
this taxon underwent a rank change from family Stomatellidae to subfamily Stomatellinae within the family
Trochidae The Trochidae, common name top-snails or top-shells, are a family of various sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subclass Vetigastropoda. This family is commonly known as the top-snails because in many species the shell resembles ...
.


Shell description

The shells of species in this subfamily are mostly low-spired, subglobose, with few whorls. They are either ''
Haliotis ''Haliotis'', common name abalone, is the only genus in the family Haliotidae. This genus once contained six subgenera. These subgenera have become alternate representations of ''Haliotis''. The genus consists of small to very large, edible, h ...
''-shaped or non-spiral and
limpet Limpets are a group of aquatic snails that exhibit a conical shell shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. Limpets are members of the class Gastropoda, but are polyphyletic, meaning the various groups called "limpets" descended indep ...
-like. They lack an umbilicus. Most species lack an operculum. The
aperture In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. An opt ...
is very arge, and through it the interior of the last whorl is entirely visible from below. The interior of the shell is
iridescent Iridescence (also known as goniochromism) is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear to gradually change color as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes. Examples of iridescence include soap bubbles, feathers, butterfl ...
because of a layer of
nacre Nacre ( , ), also known as mother of pearl, is an organicinorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer; it is also the material of which pearls are composed. It is strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is f ...
. The muscle impression inside the shell is crescent-shaped. The animal has a broad foot, longitudinally divided by a median line below, and tuberculate above. The muzzle is broad, ending distally in an oval disc. The mouth is rounded. The long tentacles are pointed. The eyes are situated on short and heavy peduncles outside and behind the tentacles. The epipodium is prominent, fleshy, with or without cirri. Frontal lobes are present. The mantle edge is simple or reflexed and foliated. There is no slit in the front. The operculum is small, horny, thin, multispiral and often wanting. The gill has a single curved plume on the left or on the outer side of the mantle cavity. Its distal third is free.G.W. Tryon (1889), Manual of Concchology XII, p. 5; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia


Genera

Genera within the subfamily Stomatellinae include: * '' Calliotrochus'' P. Fischer, 1879 * '' Microtis'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1850 * '' Pseudostomatella'' Thiele, 1924 * '' Stomatella'' Lamarck, 1816 * '' Stomatia'' Helbling, 1779 * '' Stomatolina'' Iredale, 1937 ;Genera brought into synonymy: * ''Gena'' Gray, 1840: synonym of ''Stomatella'' Lamarck, 1816 * ''Microtina'' A. Adams in Sowerby, 1854: synonym of ''Microtis (gastropod), Microtis'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1850 (Not available : established conditionally as a substitute name for ''Microtis'' A. Adams, 1850 if considered a homonym of the plant genus ''Microtis'' R. Brown. However, A. Adams kept using Microtis as the valid name) * ''Plocamotis'' P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of ''Stomatella'' Lamarck, 1816 * ''Stomax'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Stomatia'' Helbling, 1779 (unnecessary substitute name for Stomatia)


References


External link

* J.B.Knight,''et al'', 1960. ''Systematic Descriptions (of Gastropoda); Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part I (1)''. Geol Soc of America and Univ Kansas Press. * * Powell A. W. B., ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 * Williams S.T., Donald K.M., Spencer H.G. & Nakano T. (2010) ''Molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families Trochidae and Calliostomatidae (Mollusca: Superfamily Trochoidea).'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54:783-809. {{Taxonbar, from=Q3336316 Trochidae Taxa named by John Edward Gray