Stephen T. Ziliak (born October 17, 1963) is an American professor of
economics
Economics () is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyzes ...
whose research and essays span disciplines from statistics and beer brewing to medicine and poetry. He is currently a faculty member of the Angiogenesis Foundation, conjoint professor of business and law at the
University of Newcastle in
Australia, and professor of economics at
Roosevelt University
Roosevelt University is a private university with campuses in Chicago and Schaumburg, Illinois. Founded in 1945, the university was named in honor of United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.
The unive ...
in
Chicago
(''City in a Garden''); I Will
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,
IL. He previously taught for the
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Emory University
Emory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as "Emory College" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of ...
, and
Bowling Green State University
Bowling Green State University (BGSU) is a public research university in Bowling Green, Ohio. The main academic and residential campus is south of Toledo, Ohio. The university has nationally recognized programs and research facilities in the ...
. Much of his work has focused on
welfare
Welfare, or commonly social welfare, is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter. Social security may either be synonymous with welfare, or refer specifical ...
and
poverty,
rhetoric,
public policy
Public policy is an institutionalized proposal or a decided set of elements like laws, regulations, guidelines, and actions to solve or address relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception and often implemented by programs. Public p ...
, and the history and
philosophy of
science
Science is a systematic endeavor that Scientific method, builds and organizes knowledge in the form of Testability, testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earli ...
and
statistics. Most known for his works in the field of
statistical significance, Ziliak gained notoriety from his 1996 article, "The Standard Error of Regressions", from a sequel study in 2004 called "Size Matters", and for his University of Michigan Press best-selling and critically acclaimed book ''The Cult of Statistical Significance: How the Standard Error Costs Us Jobs, Justice, and Lives'' (2008) all coauthored with
Deirdre McCloskey
Deirdre Nansen McCloskey (born Donald N. McCloskey; September 11, 1942 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) is the distinguished professor of economics, history, english, and communication at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). She is also adjunct pr ...
.
Career
Ziliak received a
B.A.
Bachelor of arts (BA or AB; from the Latin ', ', or ') is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines. A Bachelor of Arts degree course is generally completed in three or four yea ...
in Economics from
Indiana University
Indiana University (IU) is a system of public universities in the U.S. state of Indiana.
Campuses
Indiana University has two core campuses, five regional campuses, and two regional centers under the administration of IUPUI.
*Indiana Universi ...
, a PhD in Economics, and a PhD Certificate in the Rhetoric of the Human Sciences, both from the
University of Iowa
The University of Iowa (UI, U of I, UIowa, or simply Iowa) is a public research university in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. Founded in 1847, it is the oldest and largest university in the state. The University of Iowa is organized into 12 col ...
. While at
Iowa
Iowa () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wisconsin to the northeast, Illinois to th ...
, he served as resident scholar in the Project on Rhetoric of Inquiry, where he met among others
Steve Fuller,
Bruno Latour
Bruno Latour (; 22 June 1947 – 9 October 2022) was a French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist.Wheeler, Will. ''Bruno Latour: Documenting Human and Nonhuman Associations'' Critical Theory for Library and Information Science. Libraries ...
, and
Wayne C. Booth
Wayne Clayson Booth (February 22, 1921, in American Fork, Utah – October 10, 2005, in Chicago, Illinois) was an American literary critic. He was the George M. Pullman Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in English Language & Literature an ...
, and co-authored the now-famous paper "The Standard Error of Regressions".
Following the completion of his PhD degrees, he has taught at
Bowling Green
A bowling green is a finely laid, close-mown and rolled stretch of turf for playing the game of bowls.
Before 1830, when Edwin Beard Budding of Thrupp, near Stroud, UK, invented the lawnmower, lawns were often kept cropped by grazing sheep ...
,
Emory,
Georgia Tech
The Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly referred to as Georgia Tech or, in the state of Georgia, as Tech or The Institute, is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta, Georgia. Established in 1885, it is part of ...
, and (currently)
Roosevelt University
Roosevelt University is a private university with campuses in Chicago and Schaumburg, Illinois. Founded in 1945, the university was named in honor of United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.
The unive ...
, and he has been a visiting professor at more than a dozen other leading universities, law schools, and medical centers across the United States and Europe. In 2002 he won the Helen Potter Award for Best Article in Social Economics ("Pauper Fiction in Economic Science: `Paupers in Almshouses' and the Odd Fit of Oliver Twist"). In that same year at Georgia Tech he won the "Faculty Member of the Year" award and in 2003 he was voted "Most Intellectual Professor".
After college, but prior to his academic career, Ziliak served as county welfare caseworker and, following that, labor market analyst for the Indiana Department of Workforce Development, both in Indianapolis.
Work on rhetoric and statistical significance
While at
Iowa
Iowa () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wisconsin to the northeast, Illinois to th ...
, Ziliak became friends with his
dissertation adviser,
Deirdre McCloskey
Deirdre Nansen McCloskey (born Donald N. McCloskey; September 11, 1942 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) is the distinguished professor of economics, history, english, and communication at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). She is also adjunct pr ...
. He and McCloskey shared an interest in the fields of
rhetoric and
statistical significance — namely how the two concepts merge in modern economics. Ziliak had discovered one big cost of the "significance mistake" early on in his job with Workforce Development, in 1987. By U.S. Department of Labor policy he learned he was not allowed to publish black youth unemployment rates for Indiana's labor markets: "not statistically significant," the Labor Department said, meaning the p-values exceeded 0.10 (p less than or equal to 0.10 was the Labor Department's bright line cut-off for publishing estimates).
In their paper, "The Standard Error of Regressions," McCloskey and Ziliak argue that
econometrics
Econometrics is the application of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to economic relationships. M. Hashem Pesaran (1987). "Econometrics," '' The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 2, p. 8 p. 8 ...
greatly over-values and vastly misuses statistical significance testing —
Student's ''t''-test. They claim
econometrician
Econometrics is the application of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to economic relationships. M. Hashem Pesaran (1987). "Econometrics," '' The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 2, p. 8 p. 8 ...
s rely too heavily on
statistical significance, but too little on actual economic significance. Significance does not mean importance, and lack of significance does not mean unimportant. The paper also reviews and critiques over 40 years' worth of published papers in economic
journals to see if and how ambiguity and misuse of statistical significance affect the author's article.
In a reply to critics, Ziliak and McCloskey did a follow-up study of the 1996 research and found that the significance problem had grown even larger, causing false inferences and decisions in from 70% in the 1980s to 80% of the 1990s articles published in the American Economic Review. "Size Matters: The Standard Error of Regressions in the American Economic Review" was presented by Ziliak at the 2004 meetings of the American Economic Association, in a standing-room only plenary session with over 350 economists and journalists, chaired by Nobel laureate
Kenneth Arrow
Kenneth Joseph Arrow (23 August 1921 – 21 February 2017) was an American economist, mathematician, writer, and political theorist. He was the joint winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with John Hicks in 1972.
In economics ...
.
The article and a reply to critics ("Significance Redux") were published in a special issue of the Journal of Socio-Economics, together with favorable comments from Nobel laureate
Clive Granger
Sir Clive William John Granger (; 4 September 1934 – 27 May 2009) was a British econometrician known for his contributions to nonlinear time series analysis. He taught in Britain, at the University of Nottingham and in the United States, at t ...
,
Arnold Zellner
Arnold Zellner (January 2, 1927 – August 11, 2010) was an American economist and statistician specializing in the fields of Bayesian probability and econometrics. Zellner contributed pioneering work in the field of Bayesian analysis and econome ...
,
Edward Leamer,
Gerd Gigerenzer
Gerd Gigerenzer (born 3 September 1947) is a German psychologist who has studied the use of bounded rationality and heuristics in decision making. Gigerenzer is director emeritus of the Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition (ABC) at the Max ...
,
Jeffrey Wooldridge, Joel Horowitz and a half dozen others. In 2004 "Size Matters" also inspired a comment from Nobel laureate
Thomas Schelling
Thomas Crombie Schelling (April 14, 1921 – December 13, 2016) was an American economist and professor of foreign policy, national security, nuclear strategy, and arms control at the School of Public Policy at University of Maryland, College ...
. Published cooperatively at the same time in
Econ Journal Watch
''Econ Journal Watch'' is a semiannual peer-reviewed electronic journal established in 2004. It is published by the Fraser Institute. According its website, the journal publishes comments on articles appearing in other economics journals, essays, r ...
(2004), "Size Matters" maintains its rank as one of the top-most downloaded articles in that journal's history (over 25,000 complete downloads as of November 2015).
Ziliak was a lead author on the twenty-four statistician team which crafted in 2015-2016 the historic "American Statistical Association Statement on Statistical Significance and P-Values," edited by Ronald Wasserstein and Nicole Lazar.
His article
How Large are Your G-values? Try Gosset's Guinnessometrics When a Little 'p' Is Not Enough was published in a follow-up special issue of
The American Statistician
''The American Statistician'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering statistics published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the American Statistical Association. It was established in 1947. The editor-in-chief is Daniel R. Jeske, ...
(2019 73 sup1), a major re-think of statistical testing, estimation, and reporting in
A world beyond p<0.05 for which Ziliak also served as associate editor.
''The Cult of Statistical Significance''
His book, ''The Cult of Statistical Significance: How the Standard Error Costs Us Jobs, Justice, and Lives (2008)'' challenges the history, philosophy, and practice of all the testing sciences, from economics to medicine, and has been widely reviewed in journals and the media. It was the beer-brewing
Gosset aka "Student", Ziliak discovered in the archives, not the biologist
R. A. Fisher, who provided the firmer foundation for modern statistics, decisions, and experimental design. The book featured in a 2011 U.S. Supreme Court case, Matrixx Initiatives v. Siracusano et al., wherein the justices unanimously decided against using statistical significance as a standard for adverse event reporting in U.S. securities law.
Ziliak and McCloskey were invited to submit to the court a
brief of amici curiae ("friends of the court") wherein they explain the most important differences between economic, legal, and human significance versus mere statistical significance. Ziliak wrote about the case for
Significance magazine, inspiring published letters from
A.W.F. Edwards and
Dennis Lindley
Dennis Victor Lindley (25 July 1923 – 14 December 2013) was an English statistician, decision theorist and leading advocate of Bayesian statistics.
Biography
Lindley grew up in the south-west London suburb of Surbiton. He was an only child an ...
, who later befriended Ziliak in correspondence over W.S. Gosset and R.A. Fisher.
"Haiku Economics"
In 2001, while teaching at Georgia Tech, Ziliak rediscovered his appreciation for haiku poetry. Haiku are short lyric verse with a budget constraint, conventionally arranged in three lines of 17 sounds (5-7-and-5). He had learned about the medieval Japanese art form back in the 1980s, from a friend in Indianapolis who happened to be the eminent African American poet
Etheridge Knight. Teaching large-section courses to hundreds of students, Ziliak was at the same time seeking a low-cost way to help students connect their own observations and feelings to the economics textbook and economy itself. Economics and haiku overlap at the level of principles, he discovered, yet give something more in combination, such as feelings. Students reacted positively. "Haiku economics" was born, and first published in 2002. Ziliak's most famous haiku is:
Invisible hand;
mother of inflated hope,
mistress of despair!
His invisible hand haiku has been erroneously credited to Etheridge Knight and
Matsuo Basho. (For example, in
Kalle Lasn's ''Meme Wars: The Creative Destruction of Neoclassical Economics''.) In 2008 and 2009 Ziliak's work on haiku economics gained international attention following a series of articles published in the Wall Street Journal, The Economist, The Chronicle of Higher Education, and National Public Radio. In 2011 he published an essay in Poetry magazine, "Haiku Economics: On Money, Metaphor, and the Invisible Hand," which the editors of Poetry cite as the most-read essay in 2011 and in the history of their non-fiction "The View from Here" column, which has featured essays by
Richard Rorty
Richard McKay Rorty (October 4, 1931 – June 8, 2007) was an American philosopher. Educated at the University of Chicago and Yale University, he had strong interests and training in both the history of philosophy and in contemporary analytic ...
,
Christopher Hitchens
Christopher Eric Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was a British-American author and journalist who wrote or edited over 30 books (including five essay collections) on culture, politics, and literature. Born and educated in England, ...
, and many others.
Guinnessometrics
Ziliak's current projects include Guinnessometrics, that is, a wholesale rethinking of experimental
philosophy and
econometric
Econometrics is the application of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to economic relationships. M. Hashem Pesaran (1987). "Econometrics," '' The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 2, p. 8 p. 8 ...
practice after
William S. Gosset (1876-1937) aka "Student", the inventor of
"Student's" t and celebrated Head
Brewer
Brewing is the production of beer by steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains, the most popular of which is barley) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast. It may be done in a brewery by a commercial brewer ...
of
Guinness. Ziliak's Guinnessometrics was twice featured on BBC Radio 4's "More or Less" program, hosted by
Tim Harford
Timothy Douglas Harford (born 27 September 1973) is an English economic journalist who lives in Oxford.
Harford is the author of four economics books and writes his long-running ''Financial Times'' column, " The Undercover Economist", syndi ...
, and later in many other media such as
The Wall Street Journal Europe
''The Wall Street Journal Europe'' was a daily English-language newspaper that covered global and regional business news for Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA). Published by Dow Jones & Company (a News Corp company), it formed part of th ...
,
Financial Times
The ''Financial Times'' (''FT'') is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs. Based in London, England, the paper is owned by a Japanese holding company, Ni ...
,
Salon and
The Washington Post
''The Washington Post'' (also known as the ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'') is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area and has a large nati ...
. Guinnessometrics argues that randomization plus statistical significance does not equal validity. Validity is proven by other means, including deliberately balanced and stratified experiments, small series of independent and repeated samples controlling for real not merely random error, and an economic approach to the logic of uncertainty.
His work showing the history and power of balanced over randomized controlled trials, rival techniques which Ziliak traces back to the early 1900s and the Guinness Brewery in Dublin, has been noted by
Tim Harford
Timothy Douglas Harford (born 27 September 1973) is an English economic journalist who lives in Oxford.
Harford is the author of four economics books and writes his long-running ''Financial Times'' column, " The Undercover Economist", syndi ...
, Casey Mulligan, and others for its deep challenge to randomized field experiments after John List, Steve Levitt, Esther Duflo, and others. In July 2008 Ziliak was invited by the
International Biometric Society and the Irish Statistical Association to present his work in Dublin on "Guinnessometrics: The Economic Foundation of Student's t," in celebration of the 100th anniversary of W.S. Gosset's aka "Student's" t-distribution and test. Standing on stage with
Sir David Cox and Stephen Senn, the biostatistician and president of the American Statistical Association Chicago Chapter Borko Jovanovic quipped that Ziliak "looked, at first, like a little kid walking around the British Museum. Then he began to speak, which he could probably do for two weeks straight". In 2010 Ziliak and British statistician Stephen Senn exchanged views in
The Lancet
''The Lancet'' is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal and one of the oldest of its kind. It is also the world's highest-impact academic journal. It was founded in England in 1823.
The journal publishes original research articles, ...
.
Renganomics and rap
Ziliak's other contributions include a competitive learning game he calls renganomics.
Renganomics is a combination of economic science with an ancient Japanese poetic form called
renga
''Renga'' (, ''linked verse'') is a genre of Japanese collaborative poetry in which alternating stanzas, or ''ku (''句), of 5-7-5 and 7-7 mora (sound units, not to be confused with syllables) per line are linked in succession by multiple poets. ...
. The idea is to create a spontaneous, collaboratively written poem about the economy and economic science in the form of linked classical haiku poems (5-7-5 sound counts) followed by two lines of 7 sounds (14 sounds for the couplet). The renga form, which gained the attention of
Octavio Paz
Octavio Paz Lozano (March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican poet and diplomat. For his body of work, he was awarded the 1977 Jerusalem Prize, the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and ...
, is created by writing a verse and then passing the poem on to the next person in the circle, given a predetermined time constraint and stakes. The genre challenges notions of the
spontaneous order and
central planning
A planned economy is a type of economic system where investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may use centralized, decentralized, pa ...
alike, while allowing both policies to air ideas, desires, and complaints.
In May 2015 Ziliak produced with his students at Roosevelt University an economics rap video, "Fear the Economics Textbook (Story of the Next Crook)".
The video, featured in Inside Higher Ed, The National Review, Rethinking Economics and elsewhere, is in part a statement of Ziliak's pluralist and dialogical teaching philosophy and view of history, and at the same time a reply to the popular Keynes-Hayek rap videos.
Welfare reform
On the strength of his dissertation, "Essays on Self-Reliance: The United States in the Era of Scientific Charity," he was appointed associate editor for the millennial edition of Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to the Present (General Eds. S. Carter, R. Sutch, et al.) Ziliak argued in his dissertation and in a series of articles against the 1996 welfare reform act (
PRWORA
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) is a United States federal law passed by the 104th United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. The bill implemented major changes to ...
). He argued on the basis of novel econometric and social historical evidence he produced on previous, 19th century attempts to abolish welfare and to replace it with private charity ("scientific charity", so called). Economic theory of welfare is distorted, he argued, by a "Malthusian vice" and "Contradiction of compassion". Private charity expanded more than previous observers predicted. But labor market outcomes were about the same as one finds in late 20th century welfare programs. His comparative historical research has challenged left and right both, from Stephen Pimpare to the
Cato Institute
The Cato Institute is an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1977 by Ed Crane, Murray Rothbard, and Charles Koch, chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Koch Industries.Koch Ind ...
, and has featured in encyclopedias on social work.
Ethics and economics
Ziliak's historical research on previous attempts to privatize welfare for the poor has questioned the virtue-ethical philosophies of Victorians, Old and New, from Herbert Spencer to Gertrude Himmelfarb. In ''The Bourgeois Virtues'' (2006, xviii) his former dissertation adviser and long-time coauthor Deirdre N. McCloskey thanks Ziliak (together with Arjo Klamer and Helen McCloskey, Deirdre's mother) for "disagreeing with me about the bourgeois virtues". ''The Cult of Statistical Significance'' drew attention to the ethics of statistical significance testing and the frequently large yet neglected consequences for human and other life when the test is misused and misinterpreted as Ziliak and McCloskey have documented it frequently is. Haiku economics is fundamentally an attempt to bring feelings and individual experience back inside the dismal science. In his 2011 essay on "Haiku Economics," published in Poetry magazine, Ziliak noted the influence of Adam Smith's ''The Theory of Moral Sentiments'' and
John Stuart Mill's ''Autobiography''. More recently, In a series of papers comparing Gosset's deliberately balanced experimental designs with Fisher's randomized, Ziliak argues that most randomized controlled trials lack both ethical and economic justification. His paper "The Unprincipled Randomization Principle in Economics and Medicine" (with Edward Teather-Posadas), published in the ''Oxford Handbook of Professional Economic Ethics'' (2015), argues that most randomized controlled trials (RCTs) fail every ethical code, from Smith's "impartial spectator" and Pareto efficiency to Rawls's difference principle, except possibly "vulgar utilitarianism" (p. 436), an "ethic" which even most economists reject.
Books
*
The Cult of Statistical Significance: How the Standard Error Costs Us Jobs, Justice, and Lives' (University of Michigan Press, 2008). With Deirdre McCloskey.
*(editor
Measurement and Meaning in Economics: The Essential Deirdre McCloskey(Edward Elgar, 2001).
*''The Economic Conversation'' (forthcoming). With Arjo Klamer and Deirdre McCloskey.
Selected articles
*Ziliak S T. (1996)
The Standard Error of Regressions ''Journal of Economic Literature'' Vol. 34 (March):97-114 (with D N McCloskey)
*Ziliak S T. (2004)
''
Econ Journal Watch
''Econ Journal Watch'' is a semiannual peer-reviewed electronic journal established in 2004. It is published by the Fraser Institute. According its website, the journal publishes comments on articles appearing in other economics journals, essays, r ...
''. 1(2) 331-338 (with D N McCloskey)
*Ziliak S T. (2011
Haiku Economics: On Money, Metaphor, and the Invisible Hand ''Poetry'' CXCVII (4, Jan.): 314-316
*Ziliak S T. (2008
Guinnessometrics: The Economic Foundation of Student's t Journal of Economic Perspectives 22 (4, Fall): 199-216
*Ziliak S T. (2011
W.S. Gosset and Some Neglected Concepts in Experimental Statistics: Guinnessometrics II Journal of Wine Economics 6 (2): 252-272
*Ziliak S T. (2019
How Large Are Your G-values? Try Gosset's Guinnessometrics When a Little 'p' Is Not Enough The American Statistician 73 (sup1): 281-290
*Ziliak S T. (2015
The Unprincipled Randomization Principle in Economics and Medicine Chp. 22, pp. 423–452 in the Oxford Handbook of Professional Economic Ethics (Oxford University Press), eds. G. DeMartino and D. McCloskey (with E. Teather-Posadas)
*Ziliak S T. (2014
Balanced Versus Randomized Field Experiments in Economics: Why W.S. Gosset aka "Student" Matters Review of Behavioral Economics 1 (No. 1-2): 167-208
*
*Ziliak S T. (2010)
Brief of Amici Curiae Statistics Experts Professors Deirdre N. McCloskey and Stephen T. Ziliak in Support of Respondents, Matrixx Initiatives v Siracusano et al (vol. No. 09-1156, pp. 22). Washington DC: Supreme Court of the United States. Edward Labaton et al. Counsel of Record (with D N McCloskey)
*
*Ziliak S T. (1996) The End of Welfare and the Contradiction of Compassion, The Independent Review I (1, Spring 1996): 55–73 http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=497
*
*Ziliak S T. (2001) D. N. McCloskey and the Rhetoric of a Scientific Economics, pp. ix-xxvi, in S. T. Ziliak, ed., ''Measurement and Meaning in Economics'' (2001).
*Ziliak S T. (2001) What are Models for?, In Warren J. Samuels and Jeff E. Biddle, eds., ''Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology'' 19-A (Elsevier Press, 2001):149–159.
*Ziliak S T. (2002) Pauper Fiction in Economic Science: `Paupers in Almshouses' and the Odd Fit of Oliver Twist, ''Review of Social Economy'' 55 (2, June 2002): 159–181.
*Ziliak S T. (2002) Haiku Economics, ''Rethinking Marxism'' 14 (September 2002), pp. 111–112. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/089356902101242323
*Ziliak S T (2004) The Significance of the Economics Research Paper, In Edward Fullbrook, ed., ''A Guide to What's Wrong with Economics'' (Anthem Press 2004), Chp. 21: 223–236.
References
External links
Stephen Ziliak's Roosevelt University Faculty Home PageStephen T. Ziliak's Safe Place on the Web
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ziliak, Stephen
1963 births
Living people
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists
American male non-fiction writers
American rhetoricians
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
Indiana University alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Bowling Green State University faculty
Emory University faculty
Georgia Tech faculty
Roosevelt University faculty
University of Newcastle (Australia) faculty