The Starčevo–Karanovo I-II–Körös culture or Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture is a grouping of two related Neolithic
archaeological cultures in Southeastern Europe: the
Starčevo culture
The Starčevo culture is an archaeological culture of Southeastern Europe, dating to the Neolithic period between ''c.'' 6200 and 4500 BCE. It originates in the spread of the Neolithic package of peoples and technological innovations including fa ...
and the
Körös or Criș culture.
Settlements
Some of the earliest settlements of the Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture were discovered in the Banat Plain and southwest Transylvania. Culture sites were also discovered in the north-west Balkans, which yielded painted pottery noted for its "barbotine" vessel surfaces. Specifically, the Starčevo settlements were located in
Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hungar ...
, Körös in
Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the ...
, and Criș in
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...
.
Characteristics
The
Starčevo culture
The Starčevo culture is an archaeological culture of Southeastern Europe, dating to the Neolithic period between ''c.'' 6200 and 4500 BCE. It originates in the spread of the Neolithic package of peoples and technological innovations including fa ...
is an
archaeological culture of
Southeastern Europe
Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical subregion of Europe, consisting primarily of the Balkans. Sovereign states and territories that are included in the region are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia (a ...
, in what is now
Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hungar ...
, dating to the
Neolithic
The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several p ...
period between ''c.'' 5500 and 4500
BCE
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the or ...
(according to other source, between 6200 and 5200
BCE
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the or ...
). The Starčevo culture is sometimes grouped together and sometimes not.
[Vojislav Trbuhović, Indoevropljani, Beograd, 2006, page 62.]
The
Körös culture
The Körös () or Criș () ( German: ''Kreisch'') is a river in eastern Hungary and western Romania. Its length is from the confluence of its two source rivers Fehér-Körös ('' Crișul Alb'') and Fekete-Körös ('' Crișul Negru'') to its out ...
is another
Neolithic
The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several p ...
archaeological culture, but in
Central Europe
Central Europe is an area of Europe between Western Europe and Eastern Europe, based on a common historical, social and cultural identity. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) between Catholicism and Protestantism significantly shaped the a ...
. It was named after the river
Körös
The Körös () or Criș () ( German: ''Kreisch'') is a river in eastern Hungary and western Romania. Its length is from the confluence of its two source rivers Fehér-Körös ('' Crișul Alb'') and Fekete-Körös ('' Crișul Negru'') to its out ...
in eastern
Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the ...
and western
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...
, where it is named Criș.
[The Körös culture](_blank)
/ref> It survived from about 5800 to 5300 BC.
References
Sources
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Further reading
*Biagi, P. and Spataro, M., 2005. New observations on the radiocarbon chronology of the Starčevo-Criș and Körös cultures. Prehistoric Archaeology & Anthropological Theory and Education. Reports of Prehistoric Research Projects, pp. 6–7.
*Kertész, R., Sümegi, P. 2001. Theories, critiques and a model: Why did the expansion of the Körös–Starcevo culture stop in the centre of the Carpathian Basin. Kertész, R.–Makkay, J. eds. From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic. Archaeolingua Press, Budapest, pp. 225–246.
*KOZŁOWSKI, J.K. and RACZKY, P., 2010 (eds.). Neolithization of the Carpathian Basin: Northernmost distribution of the Starčevo/Körös culture. Polska Akademia Umiejetnosci, Kraków.
*Ursulescu, N., 2001. Local variants of the Starčevo-Criș culture in the Carpato-Nistrean area. Festschrift für Gh. Lazarovici. Timișoara: Muzeul Banatului, pp. 59–67.
*El Susi, G., 2008. The comparative analyze of faunal samples from Sites dated in Starčevo-Körös-Criș Culture–phases IB-IIA from Transylvania and Banat.
*Spataro, M., 2004. Differences and similarities in the pottery production of the Early Neolithic Starcevo-Criș and Impressed Ware Cultures. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche, 57, pp. 321–336.
*Letica, Z., 1971. Starčevo and Körös culture at Vinča. Archaeologia Iugoslavica IX, pp. 11–18.
*Jongsma, T.L., 1997. Distinguishing pits from pit houses: an analysis of architecture from the Early Neolithic central Balkan Starčevo-Criș culture through the analyses of daub distribution. Unpublished MA thesis, University of Manitoba, Department of Anthropology.
*Beldiman, C. and Sztancs, D.M., 2013. The osseous artefacts of the Starčevo-Criș culture in Romania. An overview. In Facets of the Past. The Challenge of the Balkan Neo-Eneolithic. Proceedings of the International Symposium Celebrating the 85th Birth Anniversary of Eugen Comșa, 6–12 October 2008 (pp. 106–133). Editura Academiei Române București.
*Beldiman, C. and Diana-Maria, S., 2011. Technology of Skeletal Materials of the Starčevo-Criș Culture in Romania. The First Neolithic Sites in Central/South-East European Transect, 2, pp. 57–70.
6th-millennium BC establishments
5th-millennium BC disestablishments
Archaeological cultures of Southeastern Europe
Former disambiguation pages converted to set index articles
Neolithic cultures of Europe
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