Jakarta
Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
, Indonesia from 1946 to 1961. The magazine was an offshoot of the popular newspaper Keng Po and is considered to be a precursor to today's Kompas. Through its charismatic editor Petrus Kanisius Ojong it became a widely-respected forum for
Chinese Indonesian
Chinese Indonesians ( id, Orang Tionghoa Indonesia) and colloquially Chindo or just Tionghoa are Indonesians whose ancestors arrived from China at some stage in the last eight centuries.
Chinese people and their Indonesian descendants have ...
intellectual discussion, cultural expression, and critical political coverage.
The magazine also printed pieces by a number of notable Indonesian writers of the early independence era, including Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Trisno Sumardjo,
Ong Hok Ham
Ong Hok Ham (1 May 1933 – 30 August 2007) was an eminent Chinese Indonesian historian considered one of the leading experts on Indonesian history during the 19th century Dutch colonial rule. His particular area of knowledge centered on event ...
,
Suwarsih Djojopuspito Suwarsih Djojopuspito (born April 20, 1912 in Buitenzorg, Dutch East Indies died August 24, 1977 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia), in pre-1940 spelling Soewarsih Djojopoespito, was an Indonesian author, regarded as one of the most important Indonesian fem ...
, and
Ajip Rosidi
Ajip Rosidi (31 January 1938 – 29 July 2020) was an Indonesian poet and short story writer. As of 1983 he had published 326 works in 22 different magazines.
Biography
Rosidi was born on 31 January 1938, in Jatiwangi, Majalengka, West Java. He ...
.
History
Early years
''Star Weekly'' was the group effort of a number of Peranakan journalists who had been active in the late colonial era in the
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...
but who had been censored or even imprisoned during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. It was launched in January 1946 as a monthly magazine published by the daily newspaper '' Keng Po'' and its publisher Khoe Woen Sioe. (According to some sources, it was a relaunching of a short-lived magazine published by ''Keng Po'' from 1939 to 1941 called ''Star Magazine'', although that publication had a different format and editorial board.) The first editor-in-chief of ''Star Weekly'' was Tan Hian Lay.Petrus Kanisius Ojong, a prominent businessman and journalist who was editor-in-chief of ''Keng Po'', joined the editorial board and writers of ''Star Weekly'' and would soon become one of its key figures. Like ''Keng Po'', ''Star Weekly'' was loosely affiliated with the
Socialist Party (Indonesia)
The Socialist Party ( id, Partai Sosialis) was a political party in Indonesia. It was founded in December 1945 at a meeting in Cheribon, as the Socialist People's Party (Paras) of Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir and the Socialist Party of Indonesia ...
. Because the
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postw ...
was still underway, and ''Star Weekly'' was published in Dutch-held territory, it had to abide by censorship of military reports and be wary of seeming to be a tool of the Indonesian Republicans. During the wartime years the paper also advocated for the Chinese population of Displaced Persons in Java who did not have the support of a foreign embassy due to the ongoing Chinese Civil War.
As it established itself, ''Star Weekly'' joined a booming market of Chinese Indonesian magazines in the late 1940s, including ''Java Critic'' and ''Pantjawarna''. It was less flashy than its competitors which had colourful glossy covers; ''Star Weeklys cover looked more like a newspaper. However, although it was not the most stylish publication, ''Star Weekly'' became known for its sophisticated debate and excellent writing on a variety of topics, and was soon considered required reading for young Chinese and non-Chinese Indonesian intellectuals. It also contained lighter fare, including food and cooking content, comics, fashion and fiction (including Kung Fu stories).
After Indonesian independence
After the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference in 1949 Indonesia gained its independence and ''Star Weekly'' now found itself in the capital of the new republic. In the early independence era its parent newspaper ''Keng Po'' become one of the most-read papers and ''Star Weekly'' continued to build its readership as well. In 1951 P. K. Ojong, who had already been on the editorial board for several years, became editor-in-chief, and Tan Hian Lay remained as the second most senior editor. He became a driving force behind the magazine; he was very widely read, was a dedicated fan of British historian
Arnold J. Toynbee
Arnold Joseph Toynbee (; 14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975) was an English historian, a philosopher of history, an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's Colleg ...
, and socialized with many up-and-coming academics and intellectuals who he recruited to write for the paper. He also strongly believed that Chinese Indonesians should participate more closely in the politics and lives of their non-Chinese Indonesian neighbors, and he often steered the magazine's content towards this "assimilationist" approach.
The magazine continued to rise in popularity, reaching a circulation of around 51,000 in 1958.
In 1957
Ong Hok Ham
Ong Hok Ham (1 May 1933 – 30 August 2007) was an eminent Chinese Indonesian historian considered one of the leading experts on Indonesian history during the 19th century Dutch colonial rule. His particular area of knowledge centered on event ...
, then a university student, was introduced to P. K. Ojong and was invited to write for the magazine. Among his early contributions in 1958 was a well-regarded series on Chinese Indonesian history. Over the next 3 years he wrote many more articles, including light promotional pieces and well-argued historical ones.
In the late 1950s, with the transition to the Guided Democracy period, the magazine suffered from increased state censorship and persecution. It parent newspaper ''Keng Po'' rebranded itself (Indonesia Post) in 1958, and ''Star Weekly'' was likewise pressured to become more "Indonesian" and less Chinese. New press regulations introduced in 1960 required publications to declare loyalty to the government and its aims, which many serious publications balked at. The magazine started to be hit with repeated sanctions and printing restrictions from the government, and its editors started making plans for what to do if it was shut down completely.
Assimilation manifesto
As a magazine reflecting left-wing, pro-Indonesian Peranakan Chinese intellectuals, ''Star Weekly'' often printed political statements, discussions, and manifestos. A noteworthy one was printed in the 26 March 1960 issue called "Towards voluntary assimilation" ( id, Menudju ke Asimilasi jang Wadjar). This manifesto, which may have been spearheaded by Ong Hok Ham, opposed the politics of integration advanced by
Siauw Giok Tjhan
Siauw Giok Tjhan (; March 23, 1914 – November 20, 1981) was a Chinese Indonesian activist and politician. Born in Kapasan, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, he was a cabinet minister under Indonesia president Sukarno and was imprisoned for 12 year ...
and
BAPERKI
The Consultative Council for Indonesian Citizenship ( id, Badan Permusjawaratan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia), often known by its Indonesian abbreviation Baperki, was an organization founded in Indonesia in 1954 by Indonesians of Chinese descent. It s ...
, which advocated for a distinct Chinese identity within a multiethnic Indonesia, and instead called for gradual and consensual assimilation into Indonesian society as a solution to ethnic conflict. This manifesto was signed by ten Peranakan intellectuals: editors P. K. Ojong and Injo Beng Goat, student Ong Hok Ham, university lecturer Lo Sian Hien, engineer Tan Bian Seng, economist Lauwchuantho, pharmacist Kwee Hwat Djien, lawyer Tjung Tin Jan, Tantekhian, and Tjia Dji Siong. The manifesto launched several weeks of debate and responses from other Chinese Indonesian publications, and drove ''Star Weekly'' and Ong Hok Ham to become more widely known. The circulation of the magazine rose to around 60,000 by its final year.
Closure
Despite growing its readership again after 1960, the magazine suffered greatly from censorship during the Guided Democracy period. Demoralized and blacklisted, P. K. Ojong struggled to remain as head of the magazine. The closeness of Ojong, ''Star Weekly'' and to the Socialist Party also made them a target. ''Star Weekly'' was finally shut down permanently by the Indonesian government in 1961; its final issue was printed on 8 October.
Khoe, the publisher of ''Star Weekly'', directed some of the former leaders of the magazine to work for his new book publishing firm PT Saka Widya. P. K. Ojong, meanwhile, laid the groundwork to found a new publication which could survive in the new political and legal climate. In June 1965 he converted the conservative magazine Kompas into a daily with the support of prominent Catholic Indonesians; it was willing to sign the pledge of loyalty to the government and hence was able to survive through most of the
Suharto
Suharto (; ; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian army officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving president of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers, Suharto ...
era. It has since grown to become one of Indonesia's main publications. Another longtime editor at ''Star Weekly'' named Kho Tiang Hoen (Harjoko Trisnadi) also went on to found